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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is evolution? |
The slow, gradual change over time |
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What is geologic evolution? |
Changes in the non-living planet over time |
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What is biological evolution? |
Changes in living organisms over time |
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What is micro - evolution? |
Variation within a species which are passed on to offspring |
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What is macro - evolution? |
Takes place over a long period of time and leads to speciation |
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What was Jean Baptiste Lamarck's theory of evolution? |
Theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics |
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What was Charles Darwin's theory of evolution? |
Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection - Overproduction - Competition - Variation - Adaptation - Natural Selection |
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What is Natural Selection? |
The environment determines the chances of the most favorable characteristic to survive (slow process) |
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What is Artificial Selection? |
The deliberate breeding of plants and animals and will not necessarily benefit the survival of the species |
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What is Allopatric Speciation? |
When a new species arises form an existing species. The 2 populations are separated by geographical barriers and so are reproductively isolated and there is no gene flow. |
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What is Sympatric Speciation? |
When a new species arises from an existing species in the same geographical area |
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What are the pieces of evidence of evolution? |
- The Fossil Record - Comparison of similar anatomy or structures - Comparative embryology - Geographic distribution - Biochemical comparisons |
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What are sources of variation? |
- Mutation - Meiosis - Reproduction |
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What is Gradualism? |
Species descend from a common ancestor gradually as they change in minor ways over a long period of time (V shaped graph) |
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What is Punctuated Equilibrium? |
A newer theory that states species remain fairly constant over long periods of time until a great change in their environment causes relatively rapid speciation |
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What are the types of evolution? |
Convergent evolution - Look similar but belong to different species Divergent evolution - Started off with a common ancestor and then branched off into different species |
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What will happen if there is no gene flow? |
- Can lead to genetic drift where populations become isolated - Creates a bottleneck effect similar to inbreeding which results in the Founder effect when a few individuals colonize a habitat and there is a loss of genetic diversity |
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What is an Anthropologist? |
Studies the cultural, social, physical and behavioral development of humans of the past and present |
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What is an Archaeologist? |
Studies and remove the remains of past human life and culture |
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What is a Paleontologist? |
Studies and recovers all plant and animal fossils |
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What are the advantages of Bipedalism? |
- Cooler body as less surface area exposed to the sun - Hands free to eat, fight, use tools, hunt, gather food, carry offspring - See further over Savannah for food - More energy as bipedalism = effective locomotion - Adapted for both forest + open Savannah |
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What are the signs of bipedalism in fossils? |
- Foreman Magnum at base of skull not back - S-shaped spine - Shorter + broader pelvis - Femur angled inwards - Big toe in line with other toes - Foot arch - knees directly under body |
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Who were the first bipedal primates? |
Australopithecines |
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Who was Lucy? |
Australopithecus Afarensis - Protruding jaw, canines, long arms, short legs, brain a third of man |
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Who was Little Foot? |
Australopithecus Species - Foot bone, big toe like apes |
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Who was Taung Child? |
Australopithecus Afrucanus - Foreman magnum closer to base of skull |
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Who was Mr/Mrs Ples? |
Australopithecus Africanus - Teeth of omnivore, long arms and legs |
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Who was Australopithecus Sediba? |
Between ape-like Australopithecines and human homo species. Characteristics included: - large frontal brain - Protruding chin - Small teeth - Ankle + heel suitable for bipedal walking - Leg bones + pelvis adapted for running |
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Who was Homo Hablis? |
- Used simple tools - Scavenger/ hunter - 700cm cubed |
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Who was Homo Erectus? |
- First to use fire - Tool makers - Hunters - Turkana Boy - 900cm cubed |
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Who was Homo Sapiens Sapiens? |
- Larger brain 1400cm cubed - Distinct chin - Complex culture - Complex language - Burial of dead |
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Where is the Cradle of Mankind? |
Sterkfontein Caves in South Africa = World Heritage Site |
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What are the reasons for human population migration? |
- Competition for food - Competition for living space - Shows adaptive radiation - Ice Age in Northern Hemisphere - Drought in Africa |
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What is the Out of Africa Model? |
Human originated from Africa and then migrated to the rest of the world - Homo sapiens sapiens left Africa, migrated to Europe + Asia -Mitochondrial DNA shows oldest humans in Africa - More DNA diversity in Africans - Most earliest human fossils in Africa |
