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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Variation/ Sexual |
The independent assortment of chromosome in sex cells |
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Variation/ Asexual |
No Variation, as only have one parents as they are basically clones of each other |
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Recombination |
Chromosomes will swap genes during the production of sex cells |
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Mutations |
Changes to the of the protein in DNA, and RNA in the cells of testies and ovaries |
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Natural selection....Darwin Propose.... |
1.There's variation of inheritance characteristics and the offspring will increase the chance of survival. 2.'Survival of the fittest', with favorable characteristics will survive. 3.Surviving members have an increasing chance to reproduce and pass on on traits 4. Over a number of generation, organisms will continue to pass on traits that are best suited for that environment 5.The number of survivors is limited by the available resources in the environment |
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Species |
Group of organisms that are able to produce fertile offspring under natural condition |
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Evolution |
The gradual difference between species overtime |
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Selective pressures and selective agents |
Selective pressures Factors that contribute to selecting variation will provide an increase chance of survival. Selective agents Factors that affect an organisms survival. The different living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) influence the survival of an organism |
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Biotic and Abiotic |
Biotic -Predators -disease -prey Abiotic -PH -Shelter -Sunlight |
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Competetion |
Organism that compete and fight over resources such as food,shelter or mate. Those who have an advantage will fair better e.g cammo |
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Resistance |
A organism may become resistant to any diseases or chemical weapon. |
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Resistance to bacteria(asexually) |
Organism that produce asexually, he only way to develop resistance is to have natural mutation that will have genetically identical offspring, that will have resistance. e.g Antibiotic have been less effective because of evolving resistance towards it. |
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Resistance to bacteria(sexually) |
If some organism produce sexually, the variation helps as if some individuals have a mutation, they'll live and produce offspring will have favourable traits over a number of generation
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Biodiversity
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is the variety of different types of life found on earth.
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Species Diversity
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The number of species in a community
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Genetic diversity
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variety of genes within a species
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Adaption (S,B,P)
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Variation that increase survival in the environment.... e.g Structural Adaption: Hair to keep warm Behavioural Adaption: Lone wolf Physiological Adaption: Panting to cool down |
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Gene Pool
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The alleles for a particular trait within a population
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Genetic Drift
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Changes in the gene pool due to events like flood and fires
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Natural Selection
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Traits become more common as they increase the rate of survival in a particular environment
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Gene Flow as well (E,M)
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Movements of organism to provide genetic diversity.
Emigration(moving out) maybe lose of allies Immigration(moving in) maybe gain new allies |
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Reduced Biodiversity/consequences
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Reduced Biodiversity Unbalance the natural levels of biodiversity Consequences The eradication of a population or entire species/ if there's a change in the environment, they are expose to threats. |
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Reduced Biodiversity: Artificial Selection, Artificial insemination, IVF.
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Artificial Selection
Selective breeding for our use, used to increase certain favorable traits in offspring Artificial insemination Getting sperm for increasing a particular features in offspring IVF Allows testing of embryos to increase certain traits prior to implantation |
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Speciation
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Formation of new species
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Phyletic evolution
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A population of species becoming a new species by changing over time*
Time*=number of generation |
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Divergent evolution
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When a population is divided into 2 or more, new populations that are prevented from breeding to the point where they are so different that they are a new species totally*.
Prevented by barriers such as Ocean,Mountain,Continents P.S they from new species due to selection pressures |
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Adaptive Radiation
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The formation pf new species due to them having adapted to a number of different environment |
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Convergent Evolution
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Over time due to selection pressures result in the selection of similar features, of unrelated organism
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Coevolution
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Evolution due to a response to another species
e.g flowers and bees |
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Extinction/Benefits?
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The complete disappearance of a species on earth
This give an opportunity of already existing species to move and fill the niches they occupted |
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Moving plates/Pangaea/Tectonic plates/Biogeography
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Moving plates Tectonic plates suggest that the Earth crust is divided into plates. E.g Earthquakes are evidence that earth that plates are still moving Pangaea- Large land mass that split off into Gondwana and Laurasia Tectonic plates (Evidence) -Fossil Evidence -Easily fit between countries -Distribution of animals across the continents E.g marsupial in Africa as well Bio geography The geographical distribution of species -Continents split up, species become isolated -Environment can change on different continents -Species evolve to suit their new environment |
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Analogous Structure
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(Convergent evolution) Structures are used for the same function, but originated from different species. e.g fins on a dolphin and sharks |
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Fossils how they're formed
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If an organism is covered shortly after death by dirt,amber and stuff, so that microorganism can't consume, because of the lack of oxygen. Over Generations the material used to preserve the dead organisms is compressed and harden into rock.
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How to date fossil/Absolute |
Absolute dating: the process of determining an age Radiometric Dating: Is used to determine the absolute age of rocks and fossil |
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How to date fossil/Reletive
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Relative dating
Layers of sedimentary rock arranged in order from newest at the top,to oldest at the bottom. |
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Types of fossil |
Cast: The shape of organisms sticking out from it (traditional looking fossil)
Carbon Imprint: Dark Print an organism that can be seen on rocks Whole Organisms: Larger organism that have been frozen or mummified to be preserve Mould: A rock that has an impression(hollowed rock) of an organism. Amber Fossil: Parts of plants, insect or other small animals that have been trapped in amber Petrified Fossils: organic materiel of living things that have been replace by minerals
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Evidence of evolution
(Comparative;Anatomy,Embryology) |
Anatomy Comparative (support common ancestry) Similarity in characteristics that results from a common ancestry. E.g Bones and structure have same basic structure. Embryology Comparative Organisms that go through similar stages in their embryonic structure form a common ancestry. E.g Other mammals look the same |
