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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How long ago was Earth formed? |
4.6 billion years ago |
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How long ago did life evolved? |
3.6 billion years ago |
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What are the basic organic molecules for early life of Earth? |
H2, CH4, SO2, NH4 |
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Where did the certain types of clay converts simple carbon-based molecules to complex ones? |
Hydrothermal vents |
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What was the energy sources for early Earth? |
Genothermal energy from deep sea vents and sunlight energy |
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What will spontaneously from liposomes? |
Phospholipids |
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Why effect allows RNA reproduce without any enzymes? |
ribozymes |
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What stops the strong UV light from early Earth? |
Water |
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How did life in early Earth get energy if they don't have UV light? |
They use deep sea vents as source of thermal energy, therefore they have to be chemoautotrophic |
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What was the water temperature for early Earth life? |
70o C |
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Was air dry or wet for early Earth? |
Dry |
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What are 6 different kinds of fossils? |
Original Skeletal Material, encrustations, tar impregenation, amber entombment, refrigeration, mummification |
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What is amber entombment? |
insect trapped in resin to become fossil |
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What are two ways for dating? |
Date directly, radiometric dating |
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When did cambrian explosion happen and how long did it last? |
happened 565 million years ago and lasted for 40 |
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What are the 5 major mass extinctions in Earth's History? |
The Ordovician, The Devonian, the Permian, The Triassic, The cretaceous |
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When did The Ordovician happened and how much genera extinct and what is it? |
Silurian Extinctoion 438 my ago, 57% genera extinct |
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When did the Devonian happen and how much genera extinct and what is it? |
Carboniferous Extinction 360 my, 70% of all genera |
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When did the Permian extnction happen and how much marine species extinct and what is it ? |
245 my ago, 90% marine species caused by tectonic movement |
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When did the Triassic happen and how much genera extinct and what is it ? |
208 my ago, 48% of all genera Jurassic extinction |
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When did the Cretaceous happen and how much genera extinct and what is it ? |
Tertiary Extinction 65 my ago 50% genera include non avian |
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How much years did Darwin spent around the world for HMS beagle? |
5 |
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What continent did her go for HMS Beagle? |
South America |
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What was about Galapagos islands? |
There was different species for different islands that were close |
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Where did Wallace found out that the plants didn't change on but the animals changed and eats same fruit? |
Java, Bali, Lombok |
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Darwin/Wallace concluded that species varydue to ? |
natural selection |
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When did Darwin published his article? |
1859 |
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What was the book name of Darwin? |
On the Origin of Species |
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What were to 4 evidence of Darwin for evolution? |
Fossils, Homologous structures, vestigial features, artificial selection |
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One of the assumptions of Darwin on evolution by natural selection: Offspring ___ |
Vary |
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One of the assumptions of Darwin on evolution by natural selection: Some of vary is _____ |
heritable |
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One of the assumptions of Darwin on evolution by natural selection: More offspring are born than can ____ |
survive |
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One of the assumptions of Darwin on evolution by natural selection: Wild populations generally do not increase in _____ |
size |
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One of the inferences of Darwin on evolution by natural selection: Individuals of the same species will ____ |
compete |
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One of the inferences of Darwin on evolution by natural selection: The survivors will pass their favourable ____ to the next generation |
traits |
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One of the inferences of Darwin on evolution by natural selection: Over time, there will be more _____ from the survivors in the population |
traits |
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Species that mature and reproduce quickly evolve __ |
quickly |
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increased in the number of genes = the potential for increased ______ |
genetic diversity |
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Increase in the number of alleles = more ____________ within a species between individuals |
genetic variation |
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Sexual reproduction results in increased __________ |
genetic diversity |
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Everything has more than ___ genes |
450 |
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Macroevolution range: |
10,000 to million of years |
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Microevolution range: |
10 to 1000 years |
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What is the type of selection that extreme values are selected against and the population mean stays the same? |
Stabilizing Selection |
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What is the selection that favors one of the extremes and the population mean shift up or down |
Directional |
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What is the selection that favors both of the extreme and population means alerted and reduce range and form 2 species |
Disruptive selection |
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What is the selection that influences the mating success of an individual traits that are favored tend to be sexually dimorphic |
Sexual Selection |
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What is the selection that is the accumulation of many small evolutionary changes over long period of time and many generation. eg. fly eyes |
Cumulative selection |
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What is the behavior that decreases the fitness of an individual that is assisting or cooperation with a recipient individual whose fitness is increased eg. elephant |
Altruism |
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What is the selection of a behavior or trait of one individual that enhances the success of closely related individuals, thereby increasing the first individual's fitness indirectly |
Kin selection |
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Evolution happens with ______ not _______ |
population, individuals |
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What is genetic drift? |
Lost of alleles at random from population animals of species get killed and trait not pessed down eg. half blue half red > 1/4 blue 3/4 red > all red |
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What is bottleneck effect? |
Some traits did not get passed down and disappeared because they die Bigger genetic drift |
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What is the founder effect? |
A group of species move to new place with small populations and they only have the limited alleles |
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What is gene flow? |
transfer of useful alleles from a population to another. |
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What are 3 kinds of mutation? |
neutral mutations, beneficial mutations, harmful mutations |
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What is neutral mutation? |
Provide additional genetic materials |
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What is beneficial mutation? |
Mutation that is rare but the environment selects them therefore it gets more and more |
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What is harmful mutation? |
Bad mutation that the environment selects against |
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What does prezygotic mechanisms prevent? |
Mating or fertilization |
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What does postzygotic mechanisms prevent? |
the development of a zygote (baby between different species) |
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What are the 5 kinds of prezygotic isolation? |
Ecological Isolation, Temporal Isolation, Behavioral Isolation, Mechanical Isolation, Genetic Isolation |
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What are the 3 kinds of postzygotic mechanisms? |
Zygotic mortality, Hybird inviability, hybird infertility |
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What are the 2 kinds of speciation? |
Allopatric and Sympatric |
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What is allopatric speciation? |
2 population are geographically isolated and become seperate species |
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What is sympatric speciation? |
2 population remain physical contact but stop exchanging alleles |
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What is convergent evolution? |
two unrelated species being similar because of same pressures and have similar phenotypes |
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What is divergent evolution? |
2 or more species evolving increasingly different traits under different pressure |
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What is theory of gradualism, is it correct? |
species separate and change at a point at same time wrong because they can change at different time |
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What is theory of punctuated equilibrium? how long does it take? |
Species separate and change at the different time and time that fits environment takes about 100,000 years |
