Evolution

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Geologic Time Scale

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•Representation of the history of Earth

•Organizes Earth’s history by major changes or events that have occurred, using evidence fro

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•Three Basic units of time are used:

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Eras

Periods

Epochs

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•Time scale is divided into units based on

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the order in which different groups of rocks and fossils were formed

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eras

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last ten to hundreds of millions of years-consists of 2 or more periods

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Evolution:

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Genetic change in a line of descent through successive generations.

CHANGE OVER TIME!!!

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5 types of evidence for evolution

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●Fossils (Paleontology)

●Comparative Biochemistry (Molecular Biology)

●Comparative Morphology/Adaptations – (body structure)

*adaptations (structural/physiological/behavioral)

*common ancestry

*vestigial organs

●Patterns of Development (Embryology)

●Biogeography – study of distribution of plants and animals in the environment.

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natural casts

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form when flowing water removes all of the

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adaptation

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feature that allows an organism to better survive it's environment

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artificial selection

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the process by which humans change a species by breeding it for certain traits

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heritability

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the ability for a trait to be able to be passed down from one gen to the next

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natural selection

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A mechanism by which individuals that have inherited beneficial adaptations produce more offspring on average than do other individuals

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what are the four main pro piles to the theory of natural selection

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variation

overproduction

adaptation

descent w modification

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what is overproduction

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the process of organisms having several babies to ensure at least some will survive-also increases competition between offspring for resources

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descent w modification

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over time, natural selection will result in "the survival of the fittest" and a population that are well suited for survival. that certain trait will be passed down until environmental changes occur

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name 4 places Darwin found support for evolution

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fossils

geography

embryology

anatomy

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biogeography

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the study of the distribution of organisms around the world

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homologous structures

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features that are similar in structure but appear in different organisms and have different functions

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evolution

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process of biological change by which descendants come to differ from their ancestors

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what to homologous structures tell us

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that organisms containing them could be from common descent

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analogous structures

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structures that perform a similar function but are not similar in origin

ex: a bats' wing and a fly's wing

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vestigial structures

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structures in organisms today that have no use, but are remnants of organs or structures that had a function in easterly ancestors

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fossils

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traces of organisms that existed in the past

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name 3 principles of geological change

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catastrophism

gradualism

uniformitarianism

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catastrophism

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huge things responsible for mass extinction and the formation of all land forms

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gradualism

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the idea that changes on earth occurred by small steps over long periods of time

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uniformitarianism

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geological processes which are still occurring today add up over long periods of time to cause change

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variation

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difference in the physical traits of an individual from those of other individuals in the group to which it belongs

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interspecific variation

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variation among individuals of different species

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Intraspecific variation

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among members of the same species

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gene pool

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the combined alleles of all of the individuals in a population

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imprint fossil

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a remain of a film of carbon-not 3D- a rubbing

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mold

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impression of the shape of the organism-3D

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cast

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when the sediment fills the cavity in the mold-3D

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allele frequency

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measure of how common a certain allele is in the population

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name two things genetic variation can come from

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mutation

recombination

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a type of distribution in which frequency is highest near the mean value and decrease towards each end of the range is (higher in the middle)

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normal distribution

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microevolution

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observable change in allele frequencies of a population over time- occurs small scale in a single population

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divergence

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organisms that had common origin but look different now because of evolution and changed

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convergence

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dissimilar lineages evolve and similar directions (become more and more alike)

ex: analogous structure

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where are the Galapagos islands

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off the coast of South America

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what does the fossil record provide?

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evidence of extinction of species and origins of new groups and changes w/in groups over time

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trace fossils

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not actual body part

3 types: imprint, mold, cast

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relative dating

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looking at the position of fossils in the sedimentary rock & comparing them to index fossils

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index fossils

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fossils that scientist already know the age of

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absolute age

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determined by dating fossils w radioactive isotopes

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how can you use biochemistry as evidence for evolution

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comparative biochemistry- compare the DNA codes or hemoglobin or whatever

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what is comparative morphology

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looking at anatomical comparisons of major lineages ex:similar body structures

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endemic species

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organisms that are found nowhere else in the world but could be similar to organisms in nearby islands of continents

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relative dating

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looking at the position of fossils in the sedimentary rock & comparing them to index fossils

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index fossils

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fossils that scientist already know the age of

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absolute age

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determined by dating fossils w radioactive isotopes

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how can you use biochemistry as evidence for evolution

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comparative biochemistry- compare the DNA codes or hemoglobin or whatever

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what is comparative morphology

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looking at anatomical comparisons of major lineages ex:similar body structures

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endemic species

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organisms that are found nowhere else in the world but could be similar to organisms in nearby islands of continents

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relative dating

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looking at the position of fossils in the sedimentary rock & comparing them to index fossils

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punctuated equilibrium

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long stable periods of no change followed by brief periods of rapid change

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gradualism

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slow minute changes that build up over time

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index fossils

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fossils that scientist already know the age of

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absolute age

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determined by dating fossils w radioactive isotopes

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how can you use biochemistry as evidence for evolution

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comparative biochemistry- compare the DNA codes or hemoglobin or whatever

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what is comparative morphology

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looking at anatomical comparisons of major lineages ex:similar body structures

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endemic species

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organisms that are found nowhere else in the world but could be similar to organisms in nearby islands of continents

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speciation

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when members of similar populations no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring sighing their natural environment

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when does speciation occur

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when there are significant changes in allele frequencies

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true or false

speciation is not the same thing as natural selection

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true- it could be a consequence of natural selection or any thing else working with NS

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coevolution

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process by which two species evolve in response to each other over time

ex: flowers and insects that pollinate

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macroevolution

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refers to the evolutionary change about species level involves all of the organisms in a certain area at a certain time

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which selection is this

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stabilizing

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which is this

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directional selection

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Front (Term)

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disruptive

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what is the hardy Weinberg equation

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p2+2pq+q2=1

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what is p2

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frequency of homo dom

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what is 2pq

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frequency of Hetero

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what is q2

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frequency of homo recess

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perimineralization

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occurs when minerals carried by water or deposited a run a hard structure they may also replaced heart structure itself

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natural casts

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form when flowing water removes all the original donor tissue leaving Justin oppression cinnamon minerals fill in the mold re-creating or original shape

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Amber preserved fossils

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organisms that become trapped in tree resin that hardens and Amber

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preserved remains

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form an entire organism becomes encased in material such as ice or volcanic ash

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Paleozoic

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multicellular organisms organism's first appeared

Cambrian explosion occurred

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Mesozoic

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called the age of reptiles because the dinosaurs roamed the earth during this era

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Cenozoic era

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now

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primates have..

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opposable thumbs large brain volume vision flexible are movement flexible joints and feet and hands capable of grasping

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what are hominids

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bipedal -walk on 2 legs leaves arms and hands free