Evolution 3

Front 1

Darwin and Wallace proposed the ______ for evolution, ______.

Back 1

mechanism, natural selection

Front 2

Lamarck placed fossils

Back 2

in an evolutionary context, ordering older to newer fossils
-inheritance of acquired characteristics

Front 3

Darwin and Wallace proposed the mechanism of evolution, natural selection in

Back 3

1858.

Front 4

Darwin defined evolution as

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descent with modification.

Front 5

A modern definition of evolution

Back 5

change over time in the genetic composition of a population

Front 6

Evolutionary change is a two step process:

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-production of inhereted variation
-sorting of this variation by natural selection

Front 7

Genetic Drift (chance)

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Darwin identified as a factor in the differential genetic composition of populations

Neutral mutations may also become a established in a population

Front 8

Examples of structural homologies

Back 8

bones of mammals, organs, tissues

Front 9

developmental homologies

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characteristics are found in the embryo but not at birth which show our ancestry

ex. gills in humans

Front 10

vestigial structures

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pelvic bones in whales, appendix in humans

Front 11

the fossil record

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changes in features over time, the older the fossils are the less they look like modern humans

Front 12

Homologous structures share the same

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evolutionary origin.

Front 13

The more homologous structures two species share,

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the more recent their common ancestor.

Front 14

Homology can be described as

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similarity between species that is not functionally necessary.

Front 15

"Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"

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the developmental history of an organism passes through stages that are shared with the embryonic stages of evolutionary ancestors

?

Front 16

Cuvier believed in

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catastophism and named the layers of sedimentary rock he observed (Paleozoic, Mesozoic, etc)

Front 17

James Hutton proposed the theory of gradualism

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which holds that profound changes in Earth's geologic features is the cumulative product of slow but continous processes.

Front 18

Catastrophism

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each boundary between strata represents a catastrophe, such as a flood or drought

Front 19

Lyell drew on Hutton's ideas and proposed

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uniformitarianism (geological processes have not changed throughout Earth's history)

Front 20

Darwin noted during his voyage that

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-tropical forests are biologically rich
-fossils related to living animals in the same area
-oceanic island species are related to each other and to species on closest mainland
-animals and plants of Australia and South America not related
-lands with similar climates have different types of organisms (environment not creating diversity)

Front 21

artificial selection

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farmers with crops, dogs, pigeons

Front 22

Adaptations

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-features suited to a particular environment
-no organism is perfectly adapted

Front 23

Species are not

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fixed. (Darwin)

Front 24

Lyell

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the earth is very old and constantly changing (thus, there has been sufficient time for natural selection to cause evolutionary changes)

Front 25

Malthus

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nature acts to limit population numbers (thus, more offspring are produced than survive)

Front 26

Darwin proposes that life originated

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only once on earth, and so all species have a common ancestor

Front 27

ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

Back 27

the developmental history of an organism passes through stages that are shared with the embryonic stages of evolutionary ancestors