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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mosaic Nature of Evolution
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During evolution, different parts of the body changed at different times – i.e. femurs developed when pre-humans started walking upright about 5 mil yrs B.P., but human like brains didn’t develop till about 2 mil yrs B.P. so it can be hard , depending on what is found, to determine what you’re looking at
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Inferences from Partial evidence
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– like a depression in a skull caused by a rock hitting it – paleontologists can determine what caused it
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Stratigraphy
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RELATIVE
determining age by how many layers deep a fossil is – why anthro’s are so careful to make sure they have the exact depth something is found |
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Fluorine
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RELATIVE
The amount of this contained in bones is very particular to the site of the bones, so can be used to determine if bones are from the same site |
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POTASSIUM-ARGON (K/Ar) Dating
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ABSOLUTE
500,000 y.b.p. to the beginning of the earth an isotope of potassium decays into argon gas in lava rock, starting after vulcanism half-life of K = 1.3 billion yrs. -slow half life allows us to determine age of very old samples |
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Uranium series dating
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ABSOLUTE
1,000 to 1 million y.b.p natural and manufactured glass --stones once used in hearths or for boiling --any fired ceramics such as pottery and tile -Number of tracks proportional to how long ago fission began |
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Carbon-14 dating
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ABSOLUTE
500 to 40,000 years -Measures ratio of stable 12C to unstable 14C in organic material (bone or collagen based materials, fossilized wood or plant material) |
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Dendo-chronology
MATERIALS DATED - TIME RANGE |
Wood/charcoal
up to 11,000 ybp |
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Carbon-14
MATERIALS DATED - TIME RANGE |
Organic Materials
Up to 40,000 ybp |
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Potassium Argon
MATERIALS DATED - TIME RANGE |
Volcanic Rock
500,000+ ybp |
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Uranium Series
MATERIALS DATED - TIME RANGE |
Minerals
1,000-1million ybp |
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Chimpanzee brain case
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383 cc
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Gorilla brain case
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505 cc
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A. afarensis brain case
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440 cc
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A. africanus brain case
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450 cc
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A. robustus brain case
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500 cc
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A. boisei brain case
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515 cc
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H. habilis brain case
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666 cc
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H. erectus brain case
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950 cc
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H. sapiens brain case
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1330 cc
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Earliest Hominin Fossils - where and when?!?
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All relatively recent finds
Much debate over classifications Finds in Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Chad |
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Raymond Dart
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South Africa: 1924
Australopithecus africanus Bipedal Parabolic dental arcade 3-2 million years ago |
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Robert Broom
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South Africa: 1938
Australopithecus robustus robust jaw large molars robust skull 540 cc cranial capacity 2-1 mya |
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Mary and Louis Leakey
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Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
1959: Australopithecus boisei robust 2.6-1 mya |
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Olduwan choppers
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2-2.5 mil yrs ago
evidence of evolving intelligence |
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Donald Johansen
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1974 "Lucy" Ethiopia
A. afarensis - small brain case gracile 430 cc cranial capacity upright posture 3.8-3.0 mya |
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Australopithecines: Robust Lines
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A. robustus 1.0-2.0 ybp (South Africa) --> A. boisei 2.6-1.0 ybp (East Africa) --> A. aethiopicus 2.7-2.3 ybp (East Africa)
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Richard Leakey
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Homo habilis
gracile 600-700 cc cranial capacity east and s.africa tool-making? 2.0-1.7 mya this species probably had the capacity to create new tools first species considered "modern humans" |
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Eugene Dubois
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H. Erectus
Robust brow line Parabolic dental structure No canine teeth 1.7 million to 300,000 ybp 900 cc cranial capacity |
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1950s Excavation at Terra Amata: Marseille, France
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Excavations found a site where it appeared that homo erectus chased animals over cliffs to kill them as a means of hunting – repeated --> “institutionalized” practices indicate beginning of CULTURE
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Homo Erectus Lifeways
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Controlled Fire
Small huts Family units Organized hunting |
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Acheulean Tools
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more developed tools than the previous ones we talked about
Rocks have many more deliberate flakes – more complex – and are multisided rather than just one face |
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Mousterian tools
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Neanderthals' tools
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H. Heidelbergensis
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700,000 - 100,000 ybp
skull one step more humanlike than H. Erectus All over AFRICA, Asia, Europe |
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Neanderthals
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130,000 to 30,000 ybp
Around Europe and some of Asia- colder climates** Mousterian Tools Had ritual burials |
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Paleolithic Tools
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Used by Cro-Magnons
marked discovery that tools could be made to make other tools |
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Substantive universals
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specific physical features and dispositions shared by H. sapiens. They define how all humans are alike
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Generative Universals
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shared abilities and structures that generate variability in adaptations - like the ability to interpret language --> everyone has it, but it leads to differences in interpretation
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