Evolution

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Evolution

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Gradual change of a species overtime, caused by random genetic mutations in DNA

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Negative mutations

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Die

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Positive mutatioms

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Live and are passed on to become adaptations

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Lamarcks theory

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Body parts that were used more were passed on *wrong* body structure changed by environment don't altar genes

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Lyell

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Geologist that proved changed occurred slowly

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Darwin

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Studied Galapagos discovered populations increase, struggle for existence, all organisms differ slightly, best adapted survive, favourable traits passed on (natural selection)

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Adaptive radiation

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Evolution of a number of divergent species from a common ancestor

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EOE: Fossil Record

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Shows evidence of life long ago, shows change through time, gives age for fossilized material, show evidence of diet/activities

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Embryology

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Studies developing embryos, different animals look similar early on = similar dna

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Homologous/vestigial structures

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Homologous structures = similar body parts between organisms showing evidence of common ancestry eg bat wing and whale flipper, vestigial= body part ofittle to no use eg tailbone, appendix, body hair, wisdom teeth

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DNA

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Studies compare dna of different organisms, can show degree of relatedness, dna strands are more alike in similar organisms

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Taxonomy

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Classification of living things

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Dichotomous key

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Tool to classify things, gets more specific the further you go, divides into 2 traits, can make a visual of "written key"

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5 Kingdom method of classification

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Things are classified in hierarchical order, from general to specific

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Scientific name

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Genus & species eg homosapians, allows addition of organisms, in Latin so everyone can use it, ordered, shows evolutionary relationships

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Disruptive selection

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When abnormal positive mutations have a high survival rate eg squirrel= tree + flying

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Stabilizing selection

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Non normal negative mutations are removed from the environment eg 1 leg duck

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Artificial selection

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Organisms are bread for favourable traits the benefit humans eg chickens or pigs

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Accidental selection

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Organism mutate to forms that harm Humans eg penicillin resistant bacteria

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Mold & Cast

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Organisms body deteriorate and leaves imprint in mud/soil which I'd filled with sediment as the soil turns to rock over time

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Replacement

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Porous structures like bone/wood

Fill with minerals from soil and water as they disitinitgrate and become rock

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Carbonization

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Organic material becomes trapped in light sediment and h2, n2, and O2 escape leaving a carbon print on the rock

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Original preservation

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An organisms dies in sap or tar and their bodies and original makeup are preserved when it turns to amber/rock

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Pre mating factors

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Why they don't breed eg geologic, different habitat, behavioural differences, mating seasons, body size/structure

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Post mating factors

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If they breed why they don't produce offspring, no embryo development,, sterile offspring

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Environment

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Selects change doesn't cause it, organisms adapt to the conditions of the environment to survive and the environment t select which mutations are passed on

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Directional Selection

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A steady change through time e.x. horses

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Convergence

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When non related organisms developed similar adaptations because they live in similar environments eg north America wolf and Tasmanian wolf

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Relative Dating

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Comparing the age of different things like fossils and organisms, fossils lower down in the earth are older

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What type of rock are fossils formed in

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Sediments

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Reproductive isolation

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What keeps different species from interbreeding e.x pre & post mating factors

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Mold and cast

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When organisms die in soil/mud, their bodies deteriorate leaving an imprint. This imprint fills with materials and becomes hard, leaving a mold and cast

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Carbonization

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Organic materials become trapped in light sediment, h2, O2, n2 escape leaving carbon imprint

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Replacement

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Porous objects such as bone or wood fill with minerals from soil/water as the disintegrate and become rock

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Original preservation

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Organisms die in tar, sap, or Amber and their bodies/original makeup are preserved