Evo Ch 20 Test 4

Front 1

reason for natural selection making us untouchable by pathogens

Back 1

co-evolutionary arms race between humans and pathogens

Front 2

disadvantages of multicellular hosts

Back 2

longer generation times - natural selection acts faster on pathogens
pathogens have much larger population sizes than hosts - lots of genetic variation by mutation

Front 3

job of human immune system

Back 3

recognize and eliminate/incapacitate pathogens

Front 4

strategies of human immune system to fight pathogens - detection and target of highly conserved parts of pathogen - describe

Back 4

-use pattern recognition receptors to bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns- (PAMPs)
-highly conserved components of pathogen
-doesnt work with virus bc
1. few conserved external structures
2. contains cell membrane of host
3. locate infected host cells as well as free viruses

Front 5

immune response strategy to find infected cells - clonal selection

Back 5

infected cells contain double stranded RNA and look for proteins that are missing-self

Front 6

mechanism of clonal selection

Back 6

1. recombination into diverse immune cells
2. cells that bind self proteins are deleted
3. if bind to antigen from protein, proliferates rapidly - clonal expansion
4. high mutation rates in receptors on proliferating cells, bind best reproduce fastest -affinity maturation
5. after pathogen cleared, some immune cels retained

Front 7

immune system creates large number of cells that specifically react with detected antigen

Back 7

clonal expansion

Front 8

selective process by which immune receptors develop an improved match to a pathogen during clonal expansion

Back 8

affinity maturation

Front 9

general decline in physical functioning or performance of living organisms with age
results in

Back 9

senescence
-increased mortality rate and decrease in fecundity with age

Front 10

the hypothesis that senescence is an inevitable consequence of accumulated wear and tear. selection had already done everything possible to slow the rate of senescence.

Back 10

rate of living hypothesis

Front 11

disprove negative coorelation between metabolic rate and life span

Back 11

longevity mutants do not show reduced metabolic rates
longevity and metabolig not associated within a species
frequent exercise does not decrease longevity
birds have longer life span than mammals of same metabolic rate

Front 12

fraction of surviving individuals as a function of age
area under curve = average reproductive succes

Back 12

survivorship curve

Front 13

the hypothesis that senescence occurs because natural selection is not strong enough to purge deleterious mutations for traits expressed later in life
mutations due to?

Back 13

mutation accumulation hypothesis
genetic drift

Front 14

a pleiotropic allele that has benefits at a young age might be favored despite having major deleterious consequences in later in life
alleles due to?

Back 14

antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis
selection

Front 15

senescence occurs beacuse of a necessary trade off between investment in reproduction and investment in repair
more specifically traditionally?

Back 15

disposable soma hypothesis
-transcriptional and translational machinery in germline cells and growth selected for in somatic cells

Front 16

more general view of trade off according to disposable soma

Back 16

early fecundity and later survival