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Dendrochronology

Analysis of fossilised tree rings. Each years growth shown by ring made of two bands: wide showing rapid growth in spring and narrower band showing growth in autumn.


Wide ring: wet


Narrow: cold,dry

Tree

Radiocarbon dating

C14radioactive isotope used by plants decays at a know rate. When a plant has died you can compare how much the carbon had decayed compared to C12 that does not decay


Type of plant indicates climate during time period

Historical records

Cave paintings, grace digging depth in Greenland, diary records of Thames freezing, growing grapes in U.K, weather reports since 1873

Changing sea levels

Rias, fjords, raised beaches and river rejuvenation

Oxygen isotopes

cold=less evaporation.LIGHTER oxygen16 will precipitate and end up in ice sheets and glaciers. Oceans left with higher levels of oxygen18.


warm=glaciers will melt into oceans so isotope levels more balanced