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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the steps to evidence based medicine?
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ask the correct question
acquire the information appraise its quality apply the results act on the patient |
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List the types of studies from least to best quality of evidence
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case report/case series
cross sectional study case control study cohort study randomized clinical trial systematic review meta-analysis |
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define exposure variable
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factor of interest (independent variable)
ie: what you're observing |
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define outcome variable
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event of endpoint of interest (dependent variable)
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What requirements are there for randomized control trials?
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investigator controls who receives the exposure
must be a comparison group must be randomized (blinded is good too) |
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What is a clinical trial?
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used to determine effect of a therapy
often uses client-owned animals always prospective |
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Why is randomization important
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avoid personal influence and bias
deals with confounding factors |
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What are some confounding factors?
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age, breed, sex, species
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What is the concept of blinding and what types are there?
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someone does not know what the treatment is
single blinded= owner doesn't know double blinded= owner and investigator doesn't know triple blinded= owner, investigator and analyzer doesn't know |
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What is a community trial?
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similar to a clinical trial but the therapy or preventive is allocated to an entire community
ie: fluoridation of public drinking water |
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What are the two main types of observational studies and what differentiates them?
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analytical and descriptive
analytical studies have a comparison group, descriptive studies don't |
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What is the difference between a case report and case series?
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case report = under 10 cases
case series = more than 10 cases |
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What is the usefulness of descriptive studies?
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used to report preliminary findings and to generate hypotheses
*cannot be used to assess efficacy or explain causation |
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What is an ecological study?
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units of analysis are populations or groups rather than individuals
*may not apply to individuals |
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What is a systematic review?
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comprehensive survey of a topic where the other studies on the topic have been appraised and compiled to generate a conclusion
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What is a meta-analysis?
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survey where the studies included are closely related enough to allow combination and analysis of all data
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What is a cohort study?
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enrollment is based on the exposure status, sorted into exposed and not exposed categories
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What directionality is a cohort study usually?
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prospective
enroll based on exposure, follow through time to outcome |
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What is a case control study?
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enrollment is based on outcome
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What directionality is a case control study usually?
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retrospective
look at the outcome, go back into records etc to see if exposure occurred |
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What is a cross-sectional study?
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all data is acquired at the same time, both outcome and exposure are unknown at the time of enrollment (neither retrospective or prospective)
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How are cross-sectional studies often conducted?
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questionnaire
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Define retrospective
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data has already been collected at the time of the study (exposure and outcome)
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define prospective
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the data has not yet been collected
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What is the disadvantage of a retrospective study?
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the quality of data may be poor (missing, erroneous, incomplete)
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What is the disadvantage of a prospective study?
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more expensive (but they get better data)
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What are retrospective cohort studies?
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still selected based on exposure, but then traced through later records to see if outcome developed
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Is there such a thing as a prospective case control study?
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yes, uncommon
cases are enrolled as they become available in the future |
