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95 Cards in this Set
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Exposure Limit |
Maximum length of time an individual can be exposed to an airborne substance before injury, illness, or death occurs |
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Concentration |
quantity of a material in relation to a larger volume of gas or liquid |
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Parts Per Million (ppm) |
method of expressing the concentration of very dilute solutions of one substance in another normally a liquid or gas based on volume expressed as a ratio of the volume of contaminants (parts) compared to teh volume of air (million parts) |
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Parts Per Billion (ppb) |
method of expressing the concentration of vary dilute solutions of one substance in another, normally a liquid or gas, based on volume, expressed as a ratio of the volume of contaminants (parts) compared to the volume of air (billion parts) |
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Threshold Limit Value (TLV) |
maximum concentration of a given material in parts per million (ppm) that may be tolerated for an 8-hour exposure during a regular workweek without ill effects |
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Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL) |
Fifteen minute time weighted average that should not be exceeded at any time during a workday; exposures should not last longer than 15 minutes and should not be repeated more than four times per day with at least 60 minutes between exposures |
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Threshold Limit Value/Ceiling (TLV/C) |
Maximum concentration of a given material in parts per million (ppm) that should not be exceeded even instantaneously |
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Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) |
maximu time weighted concentration at which 95 percent of exposed healthy adults suffer no adverse effects over a 40 hour work week; an 8 hour time weighted average unless otherwise noted. |
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Instrument Response Time |
Elapsed time between the movement (drawing in) of an air sample into a monitoring/detection device and the reading (analysis) provided to the user |
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Calibaration |
set of operations used to standardize or adjust the values of quantities indicated by a measuring instrument |
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Calibration Test (Bump test) |
Set of operations used to make sure that an instrument's alerts all work at the recommended levels of hazard detected |
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Zeroing |
Resetting an instrument read at normal (baseline) levels in fresh air |
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Hydronium |
water molecule with an extra hydrogen ion (H_2O^2) |
Substances/Solutions that have more hydronium ions than hydroxide ions have an acidic pH |
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Hydroxide |
water molecule missing a hydrogen ion (HO) |
Substances/solutions that have more hydroxide ions than hydronium ions have a basic (alkaline) pH |
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Combustible Gas Indicator (CGI) |
Electoronic device that indicates the presence and explosive levels of combustible gases, as relayed from a combustible gas detector |
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Roentgen Equivalent in Man (rem) |
English System unit used to express the radiation absorbed dose (rad) equivalence as pertaining to a human body; used to set radiation dose limits for emergency responders this applies to all types of radiation |
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Millirem (mrem) |
one thousandth of one Roentgen Equivalent in Man (rem) |
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Roentgen (R) |
English System unit used to measure radiation exposure, applied only to gamma nd X-ray radiation and generally used on most U.S. dosimeters |
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Radiation Absorbed Dose (RAD) |
English System unit used to measure the amount of radiation energy absorbed by a material; its International System equivalent is gray (Gy) |
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Sievert (Sv) |
SI unit of measurement for low levels of ionizing radiation and their health effect in humans |
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Grey (Gy) |
SI unit of ionizing radiation dose, defined as the absorption of one joule of radiation energy per one kilogram of matter |
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Geiger-Mueller (GM) Tube |
Sensor tube used to detect ionizing radiation. |
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Geiger-Mueller (GM) Detector/Geiger Counter |
Detection device that uses GM tubes to measure ionizing radiation |
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Dosimeter |
detection device used to measure an individual's exposure to an environmental hazard such as radiation or sound |
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Infrared Thermometer |
Non-contact measuring device that detects the infrared energy emitted by materials and converts the energy factor into a temperature reading |
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Does-Response Relationship |
Comparison of changes within an oranism per amount, intensity, or duration of exposure to a stressor over time. THis information is used to determine action levels for matierals such as drugs, pollutants, and toxins |
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Solvent |
A substance that dissolves another substance (solute) ersulting in a third substance (solution) |
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Lethal Dose (LD) |
Concentration of an ingested or injected substance that results in the dealth of the entire test population (expressed in mg/kg) the lowerth value, the more toxic the substance |
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Lethal Concentration (LC) |
COncentration of an inhaled substance that results in the death of the entire test population (expressed in ppm, mg/L, or milligrams per cubic meter) the lower the value, the more toxic the substance |
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Median Lethal DOse, 50 Percent Kill (LD_50) |
Concentration of the ingested or injected substance that rsults in the death of 50 percent of the test population (expressed in mg/kg) |
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Median Lethal COncentration, 50 Percent Kill (LC_50) |
Concentration of an inhaled substance that results in the death of 50 percent of the test population |
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Photoionization Detector (PID) |
gas detector that measures volatile compounds in concentrations of parts per million and parts per billion |
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Ioniztion Potential |
Energey required to free an electron from its atom or molecule |
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Correction Factor |
Manufacturer-provided number that can be used to convert a specific device's readout to be applicable to another function |
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Coloimetric Indicator Tube |
Small tue filled with a chemical reagent that changes color in a predictable manner when a controlled volume of contaminated air is drawn through it |
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The conversion factor for gamma and X-ray radiation that can be applied for exposure, absorbed dose, and dose equivalent is: |
1R = 1 rad = 1 rem |
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In addition to adhering to the instruction of the Incidnt Commander and AHJ, what else must responders maintain at all times during an incident? |
situational awareness |
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As pH levels rise above 7 compounds become more __________. |
alkaline |
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According to the dose-response relationship prnciple in toxicology, toxic compounds produce an effect on an organism: |
primarily as a function of the dose and concentration of the compound |
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What unit applies to all type of radiation but dos not take into account the potential effect that different types of radiation have on the human body? |
Radiation Absorbed Dose (rad) |
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When pH paper appears stripped or bleached after contact with a substance, this indicates: |
oxidizers and organic peroxides |
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Detection, monitoring and sampling can assist with: |
ensuring the effectiveness of decon operations |
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Responders should wear SCBA when oxygen levels: |
are below 20.9% but still above 19.5% |
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Which term, when found on safety data sheets (SDS) refers to the minimum amount of a substance that will cause death in 50% of an animal test group after being ingested, absorbed or injected? |
LD50 |
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What is a chip measurement system (CMS)? |
A simple to use instrument that ofers a highly reliable measurement for specific gases and vapors |
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A responder operating, monitoring, detection, or sampling devices at a hazmat incident must operate: |
under the guidance of a hazmat technician, allied professiona, emergency response plan, or SOPs |
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Which types of hazardous materials generally only require firefighter protective equipment with SCBA or level C PPE? |
Hazardous solids |
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Which chemicals, in significant amounts, will cause white discolorations on fluoride test paper? |
Chlorates, bromates, and sulphates |
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The effectiveness of a monitoring or detection device is determined by: |
the knowledge, skills, and ability of the individual user |
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In selecting monitoring and detection equipment, responders must consider: |
how well it will detect the desired chemical or chemical family |
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The elapsed time between the movement of sampled air into a monitoring device and the reading time provided to the user is the: |
instrument response time |
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Responders should remember that: |
most gases sink and displace air, while only a few rise above air |
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If an incident necessitates a quick rescue, monitoring instruments with a __________ may be useless. |
long delay |
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The two general categories of radiation detectors used at hazmat incidents are scintillation detectors and: |
gas-filled |
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Which type of test strips do responders use to detect improvised explosives such as triacetone triperoxide (TATP) and hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD)? |
Peroxie test strips |
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Which is the most reactive of all chemical elements? |
Fluorine |
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What method can be used to determine the pH of materials with a high vapr pressure, like some hydrocarbons? |
wet pH paper with distilled water ad wave in the vapor space bove the material |
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The instrument response time for monitoring and detection devices: |
may be several seconds |
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To monitor for chemical reactions taking place between hazardous materials (for example, polymerizing in a container) responders can use: |
an infrared thermometer |
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Improperly calibrated and maintained detection and monitoring devices: |
may give inaccurate and misleading readings |
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The _____ should establish action levels for a hazmat incident. |
AHJ |
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During an 8 hour workday, what hsould not be exceeded? |
Threshold LImit Value-Ceiling (TLE/C) |
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Which types of hazardous material expand rapidly, travels great distances, and can damage and penetrate firefighter protective clothing and SCBA? |
Hazardous gases |
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In a hazmat incident, exposure limits refer to values that express, the maximum __________ to which individuals should be exposed given a specific time frame. |
dose or concentration |
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Any oxygen reading below 20.9% indicated that: |
a contaminant is displacing oxygen |
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A(An) __________test ensures that an instrument's snesors function appropriately for alarms and other functions, but it does not test the accuracy of the sensor. |
bump |
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What should respondrs do if they detect a peroxide or potential explosive? |
Withdraw immediately and contact EOD bomb dispoasal technicians |
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The exposure limit term that describes concentrations in air high enough to kill or cause serious injury or illness is: |
immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) |
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The primary equipment used to detect and measure corrosivity is: |
pH meters and pH paper |
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A pH of 0-3 would indicate |
especially corrosive acids |
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The exposure limit term that describes the concentration in air at which most people are not adversely affected is the: |
permissible exposure limit (PEL) |
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CGIs may need specific __________ levels to function properly |
oxygen |
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Probes on pH meters must be rinsed ________ calibration |
before and after |
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Personnel should accurately document monitoring, detection, and sampling results, and follow __________ for resporting reading to the IC. |
AHJ protocols |
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A typical four-gas monitor will detect: |
LEL, oxygen, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide |
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Responders should always read self-reading dosimeters (SRD): |
at 15 to 30 minute intervals while working in the hot zone |
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Responders should follow ___________ to determine the appropriate risk-based response for identifying hazards in the field |
the SOP/Gs of the AHJ |
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What are colorimetric indicator tubes used for? |
To detect specific chemicals or groups of chemicals in gas form |
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The lowest concentration of a gas or vapor capable of killing a specified species over a specified time is referred to as: |
Lethal concentration low (LCLO or LCL) |
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Reading from pH meters may be affected by: |
temperature, oils, and other contaminants |
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Large amounts of radiation exposure that express the absorbed dose pertaining to the human body are usually expressed in a unit called: |
Roentgen equivalent in man (rem) |
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In situations involving unidentified or unkown hazardous materials, reponders should test for: |
hydrogen fluoride |
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What instrument can be used to detect liquid levels in containers at hazmat incidents? |
Thermal Imager |
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Responders should use photoionization detectors (PIDs) |
where gas concentrations may be too low to be easily detected |
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Responders responsible for monitoring should always approach the hazard area __________ to be safe. |
from upwind |
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How can the oxidizing potential of unknown chemicals be measured? |
Potassium iodide (KI) starch paper |
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Which measure of radiation expresses the amount of radiation energy absorbed by a material? |
Radation absorbed dose (rad) |
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Which term when found on safety data sheets (SDS), refers to the minimum concentration of a substance that will cause death in 100% of an animal test group within 1-4 hours after inhalation? |
LD100 |
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A solution's __________ is determined by the ratio of the amount of chemical to the amount of water |
concentation |
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CGI readings can be influenced by: |
chlorinated hydrocarbons |
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Although responders attempting a rescue at a hazmat incident will have different objecives than those attempting defense mitigation at a release, hazmat incidents always require: |
size up and reisk assessment |
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What is a responder's monitoring priority at releases involving unknown hazards? |
monitor for pH (corrosives) |
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Ion chambers and Geiger-Mueller (GM) tubes are both __________ detectors |
gas filled |
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Oxygen sensors should be zeroed |
in clean air at the elevation of the incident |
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When responders use a CGI calibrated to one gas (such as methane) to measure other flammable gases: |
the actual LEL of the gas being measured may differ from teh reasing on the CGI display |
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