European Union History

Front 1

Pillar 1

Back 1

The European Community
Responsibilities: internal market, related policies (environmental, cohesion, social), agriculture, economic and monetary union, immigration asylum, visas

Hint 1

Supranational

Front 2

Pillar 2

Back 2

Common Foreign and Security Policy
Responsibilities: common action to strengthen security of EU, preserve peace, promote international cooperation

Hint 2

Intergovernmental

Front 3

Pillar 3

Back 3

Justice and Home Affairs
Responsibilities: cross-border crime, criminal law, police cooperation

Hint 3

Intergovernmental

Front 4

Neofunctionalism

Back 4

A merger of economic activity in specific economic sectors would 'spill over' and provoke wider economic integration. This economic integration would produce political integration and the creation of common, integrated supranational institutions. Interests would shift from national to the supranational level.

Hint 4

Can't explain stagnation.

Front 5

Liberal Intergovernmentalism

Back 5

Major choices reflect the preferences of national governments rather than supranational organizations. Outcomes of EU negotiation are the result of intergovernmental bargaining.

Hint 5

Too state-centric; neglects day-to-day policy-making

Front 6

New Institutionalism

Back 6

EU's common institutions are key players with their own agendas and priorities. Analyzes path dependency, which is the notion that once a particular decision is chosen, it is hard to change.

Hint 6

Overemphasizes power of the EU's institutions.

Front 7

Policy Networks

Back 7

Bargaining and resource exchange among institutional actors, reps of private firms, public interest groups, technical experts, and national officials affects policy.

Hint 7

Cannot explain big decisions.

Front 8

Social Constructivism

Back 8

Focuses our attention on socialization and the process whereby actors redefine their interests as a result of interactions within European institutions. Suggest that informal rules and norms can shape political actors' behaviors.

Hint 8

Methodological Weaknesses.

Front 9

German Question

Back 9

Post war, what to do with Federal Republic of Germany, how to maximize the economic and military potential

Front 10

Schuman Plan

Back 10

May 9, 1950. Drafted by Jean Monnet, french civil servant. Established the European Coal and Steel Community in 1952. Common market for six countries: Benelux, Germany, France and Italy

Front 11

OEEC

Back 11

Organization for European Economic Cooperation. Predated the European Community.

Front 12

European Community (EC)

Back 12

Treaties of Rome signed 25 March 1957. Created a common market and customs union. Established supranational organizations of Commission, Council of Ministers, Parliament and Court of Justice

Hint 12

Rome treaties also created Euratom

Front 13

CAP

Back 13

Common Agricultural Policy 1962: single agricultural market based on guaranteed prices and export subsidies. Policy based on protectionist principles, favoring France.

Front 14

Empty Chair Crisis

Back 14

1965 France withdrew from the Council in an effort to force other member states to agree not to extend the use of QMV.

Front 15

Luxembourg Compromise

Back 15

1966 Treaty provisions stand, but Council would not take vote if very important interest were at stake. Tipped the balance of decision making towards intergovernmentalism.

Front 16

EMS

Back 16

European Monetary System 1979: designed to regulate currency fluctuations.

Front 17

SEA

Back 17

Single European Act 1986: By 1992, created a true common market (labor and capital was not entirely free). Established cohesion policy (regional development of poorer nations).

Front 18

EMU

Back 18

Economic and Monetary Union: single currency and the unification of monetary and fiscal policy. Outlined in the Delors report of 1989

Front 19

Maastricht Treaty

Back 19

1992: established the EU with its current three pillar structure. Included the EMU into the EU.

Front 20

European Commission

Back 20

27 commissioners, executive branch, right to initiate legislation, negotiator of International trade and cooperation agreements, representative of the general EU interest. In practice, it receives many initiatives from outside, national interests of Commissioners. Commission renewed every 5 years, president chosen unanimously by EU Council, president designates jobs to reps from each state, approved by EU Parliament. Meet in Brussels.

Front 21

Council of Ministers

Back 21

27 members of the executives of member states. Primary decision making body, co-legislator, appoints the commission, QMV, closed dooers. In practice, secretariat, coreper, consensus widely sought, leaks to press. Includes ECOFIN and GAERC. Presidency rotates every 6 months. Meet in Brussels.

Front 22

ECOFIN and GAERC

Back 22

Economic and Finance ministers, General Affairs and External Relations Council (Foreign ministers). Meet at least once a month.

Front 23

Coreper

Back 23

Committee of permanent representatives. Hammer out agreements doing most work in the Council. If they cannot come to an agreement, Council of Ministers does.

Front 24

European Council

Back 24

Heads of state and commission president. Presidency rotates every 6 months (with council of ministers). Summit once a year. Hammer out agreements that Council of Ministers could not.

Front 25

European Parliament

Back 25

750 members directly elected every 5 years. Co legislator, Supervision and control, budgetary powers. In practice, voice of the people or talking shop? final approval of legislation.

Front 26

Court of Justice

Back 26

27 Judges and 6 Advocates general. applies and interprets EU treaties, enforces EU law, final arbiter in disputes between EU Institutions, preliminary rulings.

Front 27

Determining Features of EU member states

Back 27

Entry date, size, wealth, state structure, economic ideology, integration preference

Front 28

Schengen Agreement

Back 28

1985: removed all border controls among its signatories.