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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Founding of Capetown
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*1652
* Dutch East India Company (Netherlands) *Ships to and from East Indies had resting place |
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Boers
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* Dutch for "farmers"
* Founded settlements, Stellenbosch and Graf Reinet * Displaced indigenous ppl (Khokhoi) * Relations w/ Africans not = |
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Khoikhoi
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* Indigenous, cattle-herding people of South Africa
* Displaced by Boers |
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Trekboers
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* Boer migrants
* Moved inland * Swept aside natives, took natives' land, livestock |
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Coloureds
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Sotuh Africans of mized European and African descent
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Stellenbosch
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One of settlements founded by Boers
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Graf Reinet
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One of settlements founded by Boers
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Bantu-speaking people
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* Included Zulu and Xhosa
* Migrated southward alond coastal plain, until reaching Fish River *Iron-based technology * Mixed farmers- livestock, economically diverse * Loosely organized chieftaincies |
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Boer-Bantu conflict
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* Bantu- migrated to Fish River, where Boers and Khoisan resided- military stalemate
* Boers maintained myth that their ancestors preceded Bantu to assert authority- total lie |
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Vienna Settlements of 1815
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* British given control of the Cape Colony
* Cape Colony became subject to British law and liberal racial ideas |
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Results of Vienna Settlement of 1815
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* Boers disliked British authority, ideas, esp. regarding race
* Boers began Great Trek, fought local peoples, and established independent Boer republics, including the Orange Free State and Transvaal |
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Great Trek
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* Boer reaction to British control of Cape Colony granted by Treaty of Vienna (1815)
* Great northward migration that led to the establishment of independent Boer republics |
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Orange Free State and Transvaal
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* independent Boer republics founded as part of the Great Trek
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Cause of peaceful British- Boer Relations
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* Lands located far apart from each other
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Zulu War (1879)
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* Cause: British fear of fierce Zulu reputation
* Significance: British won--> eliminated all Zulu threat to European occupation of province, Natal |
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Diamonds and gold (1880's)
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* Led to race for colonies
* African fever- fight over African colonies at fevered pace |
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New Imperialism (late 1800's)
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* Worldwide colonialism of European powers and the United States interested in strategic and market advantage
* Colonies in Africa, Pacific Islands, China, Southeast Asia |
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European Control in Africa before 1880
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* European control of Algeria, Cape Colony
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European lands in Africa after 1914
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* All of Africa, excluding Ethiopia and Libya
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Causes of imperialism
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1. rivalry for new markets
2. strategic issues 3. nationalism and clash of rival imperialisms 4. "white man's burden" |
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Rivalry for new markets
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* 2nd industrial revolution--> increase in competition for industrial supremacy
* Long Depression * Financiers sought cheap labor |
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Long Depression (1873-96)
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Europeans sought new markets to buy goods, provide raw materials
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Strategic issues
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* GB- control of Suez Canal, Egypt- East-West passage assured
* Germany- Isolate France * Portugal- protect old colonies, Angola and Mozambique (alliance w/ GB) |
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Nationalism and Clash of Rival Imperialisms
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* No nation could be taken seriously w/o overseas empire
* Germany, France, Italy * France-wounded national honor from loss of Alsace and Lorraine |
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White Man's Burden
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* Whites' duty- civilize Asians and Africans, save them from themselves
* Europeans brought Bible, Western civ. ideas * A FEW wanted legit trade to replace slave trade |
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Africa Divided
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* Belgium- C. and E. Africa, Congo Basin
* Germany- C. and E. Africa (Cameroon, SW Africa, German E. Africa) * Britain- C & E Af., Egypt, Sudan, S. Af., Nigeria, Gold Coast, Sierra Leone, Kenya...) * Portugal- Angola, Mozambique * France- Algeria, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, French W. Af., Fr. Equator. Af. * Italy- Horn of Africa, Libya, Somaliland, Eritrea |
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Belgium
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* C and E Africa
* Congo Basin |
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Germany
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* C and E Africa
* Cameroon, SW Africa, German E Africa |
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GB
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*C and E Africa
* Egypt, Sudan * South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya * Gold Coast, Sierra Leone * Uganda, Rhodesia * Bechuanaland |
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Portugal
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* Angola, Mozambique
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France
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* Algeria, Senegal
* Gambia, Guinea * Fr. W Africa, Fr. Equatorial Af. |
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Italy
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* Horn of Africa
* Libya, Somaliland, Eritrea |
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Berlin Conference (1884)
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* Meeting called by Bismarck to find a way to regulate the competing European claims to land and to temper potential disputes
* Defined "effective occupation" as standard for territorial claims |
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"Effective Occupation"
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* proof that Africans accepted Eur. control, formally ceded sovereignty
* Formal presence to maintain order, prevent slave trade, govern |
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European Actions once in control of an area
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* Step 1: Train Af. constabulary to break up slave raids, put down resistance to colonial rule
* Step 2: establish district offices run by young civil servants from mother country |
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Primary resistance
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* Initial, violent reaction of individual societies against colonial rule
* small-scale, spontaneous, unplanned * Consequences: "hammering" |
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Hammering
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Burning of Af. homes & crops, confiscation of livestock, murder of resisters
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Secondary resistance
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*Delayed response that followed primary resistance
* took longer to subdue- large-scale * form of spirit-possesion cults lead by prophets (often Islam) |
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Samori Touré
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Muslim leader against French
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Short-term effects of missionaries
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* basis education in local languages
* creation of small group of educated Africans |
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Long-term effects of missionaries
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* Consciousness of gap between European liberal, intellectual ideas and gov. practices
* Nationalist leaders of Africa |
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Religion in Africa, early 20th century
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* Christianity- slight following
* Islam- much prestige in N. Africa |
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Europeans Change Economic Practices of Africans
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* Replacement of food w/ cash crops
* Development of mineral resources * Taxes paid in cash- Af. forced to labor for whites for little profit |
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Economic relationship between Eur. colonizers and African colonies
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* Eur. hoped for large markets- never established, because Af. couldn't afford
* Taxes paid in cash- Af. forced to do cheap labor |
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Economics: Belgium
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Congo had important raw materials, copper and rubber
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Economics: France
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little $ development, because desert; 20th century- irrigation allowed some ag.
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Economics: GB
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good climate, resources, ag. districts solely for whites
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Settlements: Belgium
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relatively few Europeans in Congo
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Settlements: France
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Mali, Chad, Mauritania
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Settlements: GB
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possessions in south: Gold Coast, Nigeria
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Colonial Rule: Belgium
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* Congo- plantation privately owned by firm in which king held majority share
* Brutal mistreatment of Af. |
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Colonial Rule: France
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* Administrative center in city, Dakar- directly responsible to Paris gov.
* Assimilation and association- pressure on upper classes to learn Fr. lang., manners, values, convert to Catholic |
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Colonial Rule: GB
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* Some colonies- private firms
* Sierra Leone- refuge for free Af. ppl from intercepted slave ships * Br. rulers relied heavily on local assistants for daily governing- loose supervision, indirect rule |
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Cash crops + no food= disaster
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* Growing cash crops forced
* Industrial development discouraged *Great Depression, prices of cash crops fell- many Af. died because could not afford to buy food |
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Bantu Conflict
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* Rose ar same time as Trekboer expansion
* Formation of powerful states organized for warfare under formidable leaders * Raids for land, women, cattle-> migration |
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Shaka
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* Leader of Zulu people in Bantu conflicts
*Powerful warlord |
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Leopold II
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King of Belgium who got Congo Basin
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Choices of the Conquered
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1. submit, assume manners of masters- Fr. and GB colonies
2. withdraw- Belgian, Italian, Portuguese, German colonies |
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Three Types of Europeans in Contact w/ Africans
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1. merchants
2. administrators 3. missionaries |
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Cecil Rhodes
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British capitalist and private empire builder who envisioned Europeanized Africa- not happen
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Kaffir
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* Boer term for African
* Forced to work in gold, diamond mines by Europeans |
