Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
"Middle Ages"
|
a medieval period lasting from about 500 to 1400 AD; middle period between the ancient period and the modern world; fall of Rome through the end of the Dark Ages
|
|
|
Germanic peoples
|
a large group that settled the western empire of Europe; replaced the Roman Empire with kingdoms (ex: Franks)
|
|
|
Ordeal
|
a means of determining guilt used in Germanic Customary Law; based on the idea of divine intervention; usually a physical trial; was believed that God would protect innocents
|
|
|
Monasticism
|
way of life involving cutting oneself off from ordinary human society in order to pursue total dedication to God; practiced by monks; Saint Benedict made it based in a community
|
|
|
Carolingian Empire
|
Charlemagne's territories; gained through inheritance and expansion; much of western and central Europe; largest empire until Napoleon's time
|
|
|
Vikings
|
warriors whose love of adventure ad search for booty and new avenues of trade led them to pillage European areas frequently
|
|
|
Fief
|
a landed estate granted to a vassal in exchange for military services
|
|
|
Feudal contract
|
a set of practices that determined the relationship between a lord and his vassal; determined responsibilities such as military service and maintenance or protection
|
|
|
"Town air brings freedom"
|
Unknown
|
|
|
William the Conqueror
|
English king who established a strong centralized monarchy characterized by forced loyalty and developed tax systems; gained power by conquering the Anglo-Saxons under King Harold; aka William of Normandy
|
|
|
English common law
|
law that was common the the entire English kingdom; imposed by the king's courts beginning in the 12th century; replaced customary law used in county and feudal courts that varied from place to place
|
|
|
Magna Carta, 1215
|
the Great Charter; guaranteed feudal liberties; King John was forced to sign it; based on the idea that the relationship between lords and vassals was based on mutual rights and obligations
|
|
|
Rus
|
the name given to the native peoples of present-day Ukraine and Russia to the Swedish Vikings who conquered them; Russia is derived from this term
|
|
|
3-field system
|
process in which estates were divided into three sections and one would lie fallow for a year while one was used for winter grains and the other for spring grains; their use would rotate
|
|
|
Serfs
|
persons bound to the land and required to provide labor services
|
|
|
Manorial system
|
the system in which a lord's land was split into fiefs and manors; includes the social and economic relations between lords, serfs, knights, the church, serfs, kings, etc.
|
|
|
Burghers (bourgeois)
|
merchants and artisans who needed their own unique laws to meet requirements ad were willing to pay for them; provided greater mobility of trade
|
|
|
Papal States
|
territories, especially in central Italy, in which the pope was kept involved in political matters, often at the expense of their spiritual obligations
|
|
|
Lay investiture
|
the practice in which a layperson chose a bishop and invested him with the symbols of both his temporal office and his spiritual office; led to the investiture controversy, which was ended by the Concordat of Worms in 1122
|
|
|
Scholasticism
|
the philosophical and theological system of the medieval schools, which emphasized rigorous analysis of contradictory authorities, often used to try to reconcile faith and reason
|
|
|
Thomas Aquinus (1225-1274)
|
best known for his Summa Theologica; attempted to reconcile faith and reason through "dialectic" (debate); Just War Doctrine
|
|
|
Flagellants
|
people who wandered from town to town flogging each other with whips to beg the forgiveness of a God who they felt had sent the black plague to punish humans for their sinful ways
|
|
|
What role did the Christian Church fill after the fall of the Roman Empire?
|
- Peter's successors = popes
- Popes extend papal authority over the church and the state - Nuns, monks, abbesses: increased involvement, more roles to be filled by members of the community |
|
|
What important role did Charlemagne play in the development of European society?
|
- Europe prospered
- Sacred buildings - Embraced Christianity - Caring for the poor - Built universities and encouraged education |
|
|
What forces or factors broke up the Carolingian empire?
|
- Invasion by Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings
- Governments weak; couldn't defend their subjects, poor systems |
|
|
What ideas and institutions were established in England during the "High Middle Ages"?
|
- Domination of society by nobility
- Monarchies emerge from states - Mutual rights (Magna Carta) - Representative gov't (ex: Parliament) - Search for power and wealth (expansion) - Censuses, taxation (William of Normandy) |
|
|
Who made up the "Holy Roman Empire" during the High Middle Ages? Where was it located? What were its problems?
|
- Created by Otto I of Germany
- Germany (medieval) and Italy - Central Europe - Germany exploited Italian resources - Frederick I and II try to conquer Italy for use as a center of power - War between Fred II and Italy, Italy wins - German HRE has no real power - Germany and Italy become independent kingdoms until 1800s |
|
|
Who were the Slavs? Where were they located? What differences existed in their religious practices?
|
- Originally a single people in central Europe
- Divided into west, east, and south - West: Polish and Bohemian kingdoms (Catholic) - South: Moravia (Orthodox or Catholic depending on location) - East: Ukraine and W Russia, Rus |
|
|
What major changes occurred in agriculture during the High Middle Ages?
|
- Agriculture surged
- Improved climate - Forests cleared, more arable land - Iron labor-saving devices - Mills grind grain and produce flour and generate power - 3-field system |
|
|
What regions of Europe lead the way in trade with the world?
|
- Byzantine contacts w/ Jews, Christians, and Muslims to the east
- Venice: lace, glass, silk, mercantile fleet - Florence: cloth, bankers - Naples, Milan - Flanders: woolen cloth, trade center - N France: champagne, trade fairs |
|
|
What triggered the growth of towns and cities in the Middle Ages? What structures/activities/qualities resulted from their growth?
|
- Revival of trade leads to merchants settling near castles/monasteries
- Towns closely tied with surroundings for resources (trade) - Unique laws that people would pay for - Patricians elected to official positions in a council - Separate gov'ts, citizens - Different sections of city for different professions - Dirtied with waste and pollution - Well water b/c rivers polluted - Some women were independent with their own trades - Industry increased |
|
|
How did the Catholic Church begin to assert its power in the 11th and 12th centuries?
|
- Papal Monarchies
- Feudal relationships - Investiture Controversy: can church chose own clergy and run own affairs? - Concordat of Worms: kings and popes share in power (investiture) - Pope Innocent III believed popes should run European affairs |
|
|
What new religious orders emerged in the 11th and 12th centuries?
|
- Cistercian order: very strict, monks
- Convents of nuns: females - Franciscans: simplicity and poverty, lived among the people - Dominicans: attacked heresy, poverty, preached effectively - Holy Office: Inquisition, find/try heretics |
|
|
How did the bubonic plague arrive in Europe? How did it spread? What were its most noticeable effects?
|
- Spread by black rats infested with fleas who were host to the bacterium Yersinia pestis
- Originated in Asia; to SW China after Europe - Fever, welts/rashes, urge to sleep |
|
|
What was the most dramatic, long-term result of the Crusades?
|
Trade between European and Asian city-states and kingdoms increased dramatically, allowing for increased manufacturing, exchange of religion and ideas, and exchange of foreign goods
|
|
|
What gigantic forces shaped and changed Europe during the Middle Ages?
|
- Power struggle (manorial system, HRE, Crusades, expansion, church vs. gov't, lay investiture, papal states)
- Violence (Crusades, Vikings, plague, witch hysteria, 100 Years War, ordeals, flagellants) - Church (Catholic Orthodox, popes, crusades, missionaries, feudal relations, monasteries, papal states) |
