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46 Cards in this Set
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Nationalism |
the word nation was beginning to mean "a sovereign people" by 1848 and this was a related political ideal, based on the assumption that governments can be legitimate only if they represented the common people- this tied into the mid 1800s trend of revolutionary regime change, territorial expansion, economic development and debates about who deserved citizenship - often led to conflict about representation - commonly associated with liberalism |
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Revolutions of 1848 |
- roots: economic crisis, social antagonisms, political grievances - shaped by nationalism - reformers often had liberal goals of representative government and an end to privilege, economic development, etc. and sought national unity - demonstrated the power of nationalism to mobilize opponents of the regime and its potential to splinter revolutionary alliances and to override other allegiances and values entirely |
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Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III) |
- after the June Days in Paris- elected as leader - nephew of former emperor - had enthusiastic support from rural voters - used his position to consolidate his power - rallied Catholics by restoring Church to its former role in education and rescuing pope from revolutionaries - banned radical activities, workers associations, and suspended press freedoms - called for a plebiscite in 1851 to give him authority to change constitution, and another a year later to allow him to establish the Second Empire (ending the Republican experiment) - assumed title Napoleon III emperor of the French |
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Frankfurt Parliament |
- assembly met to discuss creating a unified German state - included Prussia, Austria and the small German states - delegates came from professional classes and were liberals - less radical views - wanted to draft a constitution for a liberal, unified Germany BUT they had no resources, sovereign power to take, single legal code, or army - struggled with questions of nationality - eventually failed, causing German liberals to look to Prussia as the only possible route toward national unification |
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Garibaldi |
- previously had been exiled to Latin America for political beliefs - follower of Mazzini - envisioned a Republic Italy built from below by popular uprising |
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Bismarck |
- leader in German unification - believed in realpolitick: practical, realistic policies, held that Enlightenment visions of rights or constitutions were less important than a cold eyed assessment of power and interests - deeply conservative |
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Compromise/Ausgleich |
- Ausgleich or "settlement" allowed Hungarians to establish their own constitution; their own legislature; and their own capital, combining the cities of Buda and Pest - occurred after Austria's defeat at the hands of Piedmont-Sardinia and Prussia |
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Magyarization |
Hungarianization - assimilation or acculturation process bby which non-Hungarian nationals came to adopt the Hungarian culture and language, either voluntarily or due to social pressure, often in the form of a coercive policy |
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Pan Slavism |
Increasing change in perception of alliances, obligations, and foreign policy (particularly in Russia) Sense of unity within Slavic regions demand military support
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Serfdom |
- important issue in Russia, began to draw significant protest under the reign of Catherine the Great - abolition of serfdom became part of larger project of building Russia as a modern nation |
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Alexander II |
Tsar of Russia 1818-1881 - after the Crimean War, embarked on a program of reform and modernization, which included the emancipation of the serfs. A radical assassin killed him in 1881 |
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Crimean War (consequences) |
- war waged by Russia against Great Britain and France. Spurred by Russia's encroachment on Ottoman territories, the conflict revealed Russia's military weakness when Russian forces fell to British and French troops - mismanagement if supplies for British and French led to epidemics - many men were lost - Peace Settlement curbed Russia's influence in the Balkans - embarrassed France - Left Russia and Austria considerably weaker - opened an advantage for Bismarck in the1860's |
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Imperialism |
-the process of extending one state's control over another - direct rule: colonizing nation annexed territories outright and subjugated the people's who lived there - indirect rule: conquering European nations reached agreements with local leaders and governed through them - informed imperialism: stronger states allowed weaker states to maintain their independence while reducing their sovereignty - no single technique of colonial control!!!! |
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Opium Wars |
- opium provided a direct connection linking Britain, British India, and China - Chinese government wanted to control the opium problem in the country by banning imports --> caused conflict with British opium traders - drug commissioners confiscated opium and dumped it into the oceans - CORE of the opium wars was whether the drug trade highlighted larger issues of sovereignty and economic status - British wanted to bypass Chinese monopolies and trade with whoever they wanted - First war ended with Treaty of Nanking which compelled the Chinese to give the British trading privileges, the right to reside in 5 cities and the port of Hong Kong - led to other countries demanding, US Open Door Policy, devastated China's agriculture and the death toll almost 20 mill. |
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Boxer Rebellion |
Boxers were a secret society of young men trained in Chinese Martial Arts (believed to have spiritual powers) - provided spark for widespread uprising in northern China - boxers: attacked foreign enemies, tore up rail lines, marched to Beijing (1900) - mobilized a global response- other great powers suppressed the Boxer's movement - it was one of several anti imperialist movements- testified to the vulnerability of Europeans' imperial power |
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Maxim Gun (Machine Gun) |
- new type of weaponry allowing for more high powered shots to be fired in a short amount of time - Gave European imperialists an advantage over colonists - Particularly helped the Europeans (developed by the British army 1889) to invade Africa |
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Malaria |
Tropical disease associated with africa
Was a block for europeans coming to africa or staying long Medicine made it possible for imperialism to begin (along with steamships- upstream navigation, and machine guns- changes nature of military asymmetry) Bark discovered in South America |
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Congo |
European Imperialists attempting to enter Africa wanted control of this river because of its strategic upstream rapids/rivers (allowed inward movement) - signed treaties with the local elites in order to open the Congo River basin to commercial exploitation - had palm oil, natural rubber, minerals - resistance came from colonial powers (particularly Portugal) - 1884 conference called to settle control over the Congo River basin (Bismarck, colonial leaders, US) - established ground rules for a new phase of European economic and political expansion - Britain, France, and Germany were able to agree to a settlement within the lines of 19th century liberalism: - Congo valleys open to free trade and commerce, slave trade still run by Islamic kingdoms would be suppressed for fre labor; Congo free State would be set up - no single European country had conrol - In reality King Leopold took control, exploited workers, ruining crop cycles, created famons, etc. (inspired Heart of Darkness) - Belgium had to take over in 1908 |
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Leopold II |
- King of the Belgians - privately financed the mission to take over the Congo - his private company ended up running the Free State of Congo, exploiting laborers, ruining land, etc. |
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Scramble for Africa |
- French expansion into West Africa - Major European powers asserted formal control over Africa at an astonishing pace |
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Berlin conference |
conference of the leading colonial powers that met and established ground rules for the partition of Africa by European nations. By 1914, 90% of African territory was under European control. The Berlin Conference ceded control of the Congo region to a private company run by King Leopold II of Belgium, they agreed to make the Congo valleys open to free trade and commerce, to end the slave trade in the region, and to establish a Congo Free State |
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2nd Industrious Revolution (features) |
- centered across continent, focused on heavy industry: steel, chemicals, electricity - massive urbanization - central and eastern europe - big firms, banks, mobile capital (w/ globalization and imperialism) - massive social transformation - new forms of business organization - difficult conditions for industrial workers - advances in transportation - expansions of railroads - communication revolution - larger factories and greater production - massive profits for business tycoons - emerging labor unions - coming of electricity |
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Socialism (as a political party) |
political ideology that calls for a classless society with collective ownership of all property |
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Suffrage |
after the 1860s working class activism and liberal constitutionalism extended male suffrage across Europe - women would press their interests through independent organizations - wanted enfranchisement of women for economic, spiritual, and moral advancement - movement became more extreme, violence proved the necessity for women to be respected |
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Dreyfus Affair |
Jewish captain wrongfully accused of selling French military secrets to Germans
Part of rising anti-semitism movement Further investigation proved accusations to be incorrect - showed the beginning of the rising anti semitism trend |
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Anti-Semitism |
- hatred of Jewish people - powerful in Europe Combination of three strands of thinking - longstanding currents of anti-semitism within Christianity, which damned the Jewish people as Christ-Killers - Economic anti-semitism which insisted that a wealthy banking family the Rothchilds, were representative of all Jews - Late 19th century racial thinking which opposed an Aryan race to an inferior Semitic race |
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Zionism |
- endorsed by Theodor Herzl - building of separate Jewish homeland outside of Europe - should be recognized as a modern nationalist movement, capable of negotiating with other states |
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Darwin |
- theory of organic evolution by natural selection - scientific explanation and metaphor for social and political change - new picture of human biology, behavior, and society - variations made some organisms better equipped for survival - more likely too reproduce and pass on genes |
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Social Darwinism |
- adapted Darwinism to apply to individual competitions and survival relationships among classes, races, nations - proponents of laisez faire capitalism and opponents of socialism |
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Herbert Spencer |
Main advocate for social Darwinism - champion of individualism - condemned all forms of collectivism as primitive and counterproductive |
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Freud |
- id, ego, superego - unconscious sexual and aggressive tendencies - all about unconscious |
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Triple Entente |
one system of alliance in Europe pre-WWI consisted of: Britain, France, and Russia (later called the Allied Powers) |
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Triple Alliance |
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (later known as the Central Powers) |
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Franz Ferdinand |
Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne - assassinated in a parade in the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo by Bosnian Serbian Nationalism group (black hand) who wanted to secede from Austria and join the independent state of Serbia - the Austrians felt that this was an attack by the Serbian government and sent out an ultimatum triggering the events that started WWI |
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Austria's Ultimatum |
- after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, Austrians felt like they were being attacked by the Serbian government and issued an ultimatum to Serbian officials (designed to be rejected) - Serbia agreed to all but the most important demand- triggering Serbia to mobilize, then Austria to mobilize (because of the alliance system within Europe other countries were soon drawn in) |
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Isma'il Pasha (Egypt) |
- King of Egypt and the Sudan who attempted to modernize it and was removed from his throne by the UK - industrial and economic development, urbanization, and the expansion of the country's boundaries in Africa - wanted Egypt to be more like Europe than Africa |
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Colonel Ahmed 'Uraby |
Egyptian nationalist and officer in the Egyptian army - participated in a mutiny that developed into a revolt against the Anglo-French dominated administration of Khedive Tewfik |
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Pan-Arabism (as nativist revolt) |
ideology espousing the unification of the countries of North Africa and west Asia from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea - asserts that all Arabs constitute a single nation |
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H.M. Stanley |
- Welsh-american journalist and explorer, famous for his exploration of central Africa and search for missionary and explorer David Livingstone in Nile - famous for work leading in the Congo Basin Region Expedition |
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Georg Schonerer/ Pan-Germanism |
- German nationalism: unite with German empire - Socialist welfare program, but only for Catholic Germans - anti-semitism - self determination becomes politics of exclusion |
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Karl Lueger/ Christian Socialism |
- rejection of industrial capitalism in favor of Christian unity of workers - anti-semitism - from ideology of old conservatives (Austrian Catholicism) to new socialist anti-semitism: conservatism populism from below |
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Theodor Herzl/ Zionism |
from assimilation to separatism in face of rising anti-semitism - answer to the "Jewish Question" is a nationalist answer |
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Positivism |
- 19th century was an age of rationality an progress (positivism) - from cyclical to linear (things keep getting better) - "disenchantment" of the world: everything can be explained by reason |
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secularization |
religion vs. science in the 19th century - Max Weber- modern world is about disenchantment - secularization- separation of the two - also about re-enchantment in different forms (Christianity was still being spread to new places) trends: from religious rites to civil registrations - religion moves to private sphere - rise of fundamentalism |
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Pope Pius IX |
"liberal catholics are the worst enemies of the Church" |
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Syllabus of Errors |
Document Issued by Pope Pius IX condemning the errors or heresies through promulgated Church teaching on a number of philosophical and political questions - document was an attack on liberalism, modernism, moral relativism, secularization and the political emancipation of Europe from the tradition of Catholic monarchies |
