Europe Ch 3

Front 1

We know that archaic forms of Homo sapiens evolved out of different Homo erectus populations. In Europe this new species is known as ___, a more advanced but still very primitive species of hunters and gatherers.

Back 1

We know that archaic forms of Homo sapiens evolved out of different Homo erectus populations. In Europe this new species is known as Neanderthal man (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis), a more advanced but still very primitive species of hunters and gatherers.

Front 2

About 40,000 years ago __ began to be replaced by what may be regarded as anatomically modern humans, known as ___.

Back 2

About 40,000 years ago Neanderthal man began to be replaced by what may be regarded as anatomically modern humans, known as Homo sapiens sapiens.

Front 3

The “Environmental Transformation”:

Back 3

The “Environmental Transformation”: Southeast of Europe, in the Fertile Crescent, the arc of uplands rimming the Mesopotamian Plan, human populations were in the process of domesticating plants and animals in a process known as the Environmental Transformation.

Front 4

The period in which Middle Eastern populations migrated north bringing forth a culture of farmers and herders and touched nearly all of Europe is known as?

Back 4

Neolithic period

Front 5

The ____ civilization of ___ (place name) was the first to arise in the territory we have called Europe, about 2,500 BCE.

Back 5

The Minoan civilization of Crete (place name) was the first to arise in the territory we have called Europe, about 2,500 BCE.

Front 6

What was probably the most important factor that determined the massive colonization of the Aegean and the Western Mediterranean by peoples from a variety of Greek city-states from the early seventh century onward?

Back 6

Population stress

Front 7

Around what time did southeastern Europe lose its population leadership to lands north of the Alps and Pyrenees permanently?

Back 7

800 CE

Front 8

Europe’s Muslim culture:

Back 8

Europe’s Muslim culture:
- Spread of Islam, 7th and 8th centuries: civilization stretched from Spain to India.
- In Europe, centered in Spain
– Introduced crops such as sugar cane, rice, and citrus fruits.

Front 9

What were the factors for a net rate increase of nearly 0.3% between the years 1100 and 1300?

Back 9

- Tremendous amount of arable land through assault on the woodlands (“The Great Age of Clearing”)
– Use of the horse, the heavy-wheeled moldboard plow, and the new three fields system.
Allowed 2/3rds of the arable land to be planted crops each year- food production was enormously increased.

Front 10

The “Great Age of Clearing”:

Back 10

The “Great Age of Clearing”:
- Tremendous amount of arable land through assault on the woodlands

Front 11

By 1300 __ had replaced __ as the largest city in Europe.

Back 11

By 1300 Paris had replaced Constantinople as the largest city in Europe.

Front 12

What is “osteo-archeology”?

Back 12

A discipline studying the skeletal remains found in cemeteries

Front 13

The Black Death

Back 13

- Pasteurella pesti , endemic to rodents.
– Spread across the Eurasian steppes, reached the Black Sea port of Kaffa.
– Carried to Italy by Genoese ships- Unleashed a pandemic that engulfed nearly all of Europe, subsided by 1351.
– A 3rd of Europe died during the 4 years it lasted.
–Spread was uneven.
- Italy as a whole hardly hit- Milan spared.
- Norway lost half its population- Bohemia and Poland hardly touched.
–Continued to strike more locally through the centuries.
- 17th century stagnated Spain’s population and contributed to loss of power.
- Last outbreak- 1720 in Marseille.
–After the Black Plague, tuberculosis incidence increased, while leprosy declined.

Front 14

What is the most important characteristic of the early modern demographic system (16th and 17th centuries)?

Back 14

- Death rates dropped everywhere from very high to moderately high levels.
- Due to populations immunity to diseases- thus food production and other vital tasks were not so frequently interrupted.

Front 15

The lower fertility levels observed in Western Europe in the 18th century are associated with what kind of nuptial behavior?

Back 15

The lower fertility levels observed in Western Europe in the 18th century are associated with what kind of nuptial behavior?
- High age at first marriage for both women (mid- to late-20’s) and men (late-20’s to early-30’s), and failure of many to even marry at all.

Front 16

. The drop in the birthrate in the 18th century was due to:
.

Back 16

. The drop in the birthrate in the 18th century was due to:
People marrying older or not marrying at all, “The European marriage pattern”.
-Also the fact that the proportion of their reproductive years during which women were at risk to become pregnant was greatly reduced.

Front 17

The Demographic Transition:

Back 17

The Demographic Transition: The significant changed that occurred in the demographic behavior of most European populations during a period of less than 150 years.
- In 1780, the population was 160 million. Next 160 years it more than tripled, to reach 515 million on the eve of WWII.

Front 18

The _________ [first, second, third, fourth] phase of the demographic transition is characterized by:

Back 18

The _________ [first, second, third, fourth] phase of the demographic transition is characterized by:
First phase: High fluctuating birth and death rates
Second phase: High birth rate, declining death rate
Third phase: Low death rate, declining birth rate
Fourth phase: Low death rate, low fluctuating birth rate

Front 19

The Epidemiologic Transition:

Back 19

. The Epidemiologic Transition: The drop in mortality
- Reduction of crisis mortality (deaths from infectious diseases)
– Spontaneous declines in virulence of major diseases, advances in medical knowledge and technology, improvements in the living environments.

Front 20

What was the role played by the Industrial Revolution in the Demographic Transition model?

Back 20

What was the role played by the Industrial Revolution in the Demographic Transition model?
- Mass production meant that many good could be manufactured in large quantities and sold more cheaply than ever before.
- Leading to a major improvement in personal hygiene, lowering the incidence of disease and the frequency of death from it.

Front 21

What was the importance of Dr. John Snow’s studies of 1854 in London?

Back 21

What was the importance of Dr. John Snow’s studies of 1854 in London?
- Dr. John Snow proved the relationship between contaminated water and the spread of cholera. This led to the discovery that germs cause infectious diseases.

Front 22

The Fertility Transition:

Back 22

The Fertility Transition:
- The beginning of fertility decline
- Fall in fertility was brought by change from natural fertility behavior to family planning.
– Family planning not possible with high mortalities.
– Church supported big families.
– Secularization made family planning possible.
- Began in France- Birthrates fell to 25 per thousand in 1880, while in the rest of Europe they were still above 30
– Spreads more quickly within cultural community more of a cultural trait than an economic and social condition

Front 23

The Great Atlantic Migration:

Back 23

The Great Atlantic Migration:
- Between end of Napoleonic Wars (+1814) and the beginning of the Great Depression (1930’s), over 54 million people left for other parts of the world.
– Lessened the burden of the population boom from the Demographic Transition.
– Europe’s population still rose, from 20% to 24% of the world’s population during the 19th century.
-Most emigrants went to the Americas- though many from Britain & Ireland went to Australia, New Zealand and other parts of the British Empire
-In the Americas, United States was the principle destination, 35 million European immigrants.
-Others went to Canada.
-Millions from Spain, Portugal, and Italy went to Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, and Cuba.

Front 24

What is a salient characteristic of the migrants that left the Russian Empire in the 19th century?

Back 24

What is a salient characteristic of the migrants that left the Russian Empire in the 19th century?
- The Russian Empire was the last to relax restrictions on emigration and the people who left were not the Russians but rather the minorities- Ukrainians, Poles, Finns, and Jews.

Front 25

Irish emigration:

Back 25

Irish emigration:
Ireland was the most heavily hit by emigration.
– 4.6 million, or 87% of the population in 1875, left.
– Was also earliest in Europe, half of those who would leave were gone by 1867.
– Related to the potato famine of 1847.

Front 26

[Country of origin/country where a majority of migrants settled]
- Britain and Ireland:
- Spain:
-Portugal:
-Britain and Spain:
-Italy:
-Ireland:
-Most immigrants went to __

Back 26

Which of the following association is incorrect? [Country of origin/country where a majority of migrants settled]
- Britain and Ireland: Australia, New Zealand, other parts of British Empire.
- Spain: Cuba
-Portugal: Brazil
-Britain and Spain: Argentina
-Italy: US and Latin America
-Ireland: Britain, US, Canada, Australia
-Most immigrants went to US and Canada

Front 27

Important regulations imposed by the French and/or German governments regarding their pro-natalism policy during the pre-war era?

Back 27

Which of the following was not an important regulation imposed by the French and/or German governments regarding their pro-natalism policy during the pre-war era?
- France prohibited abortion, outlawed the sale of contraceptives, and forbade spread of information about birth control.
- Nazi Germany: Birth control and abortion were banned, also special taxes placed on unmarried adults.
– The more children one had, the less money one had to repay (loans).
– Propaganda campaign promoting the building of a “master race.”
– Crude birthrate rose from 14.7 in 1933 to 20.4 on the eve of WWII.

Front 28

. In postwar Europe the fertility behavior falls into three broad patterns:

Back 28

. In postwar Europe the fertility behavior falls into three broad patterns, except which of the following?
In the United States, the baby boom was immediate.
In Western Europe, a baby boom occurred but was delayed until the Marshall Plan was intact, except for France where rising birthrate was observed as early as 1943.
In Eastern Europe a high fertility rate was not sustained as they had no one to help them recover from the war but the Soviet Union. These people could not afford large families.
By 1965, only Poland and the German Democratic Republic enjoyed fertility rates while Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria fertility rates dropped below replacement levels.

Postransitional populations of the West with the baby boom
2. Pretransition populations of the East, with their abbreviated baby boom
3. The countries who did not fit either pattern all returned to high fertility and sustained it for several decades after the war’s end.

Front 29

Regarding fertility in postwar Europe, what was a unique characteristic of the experience of Eastern Europe?

Back 29

Regarding fertility in postwar Europe, what was a unique characteristic of the experience of Eastern Europe?
The fertility rates dropped.

Front 30

Policies implemented in European countries to cope with the problems that will be confronted with the further ‘graying’ of its populations?

Back 30

-Raising taxes
-Reducing benefits
-Delaying age of retirement
-Not pronatalist policies

Front 31

“Fortress Europe”:

Back 31

“Fortress Europe”:
Legal immigration is tightly controlled. Each year thousands of undocumented migrants attempt to sneak into Europe. Europe beckons as a safe and an accessible haven where a better life awaits. Often the victims of human traffickers and smugglers, they come looking for hopefully a new home.