Euro Unit Test Ch.12-13

Front 1

Causes of Black Death

Back 1

Asian trade, fleas on rats, Christian superstition against cats—rumor: Jewish well poisoning, earth fumes, curse from God, comets

Front 2

Black Death Era Characteristics

Back 2

Flagellants, reckless behavior, wealthy move to countryside, Italian port cities= worst

Front 3

Consequences of the Black Death

Back 3

loss of population, + social mobility, + peasant wages, - faith, + royal power, + luxury goods

Front 4

English Peasant Revolt of 1381

Back 4

went against poll tax, Statute of Laborers, Richard II agrees then betrays

Front 5

Jacquerie

Back 5

French peasant revolt in 1358, peasants slaughtered by monarchy/ nobles, unsuccessful

Front 6

Hundred Years’ War: Phase I

Back 6

conflict over Gascony-> conflict of heir to Fra thrown-> Eng invades Normandy-> 1346 Battle of Crecy (ENG)-> civilian warfare-> Treaty of Bretigny

Front 7

Hundred Years’ War: Phase I—People

Back 7

*Edward III: Eng *Philip VI: Fra

Front 8

Hundred Years’ War: Phase II

Back 8

1415) Fra Civil War (Burgundy v. Orleans)-> Battle of Agincourt (ENG)-> Treaty of Troyes-> Catherine marries Henry V-> claim to both thrones-> Charles the Dauphin disowned -> JoA =CtD reconquer Fra

Front 9

Hundred Years’ War: Phase II—People

Back 9

*Henry V: Eng *Charles VI: Fra, weak *Catherine: Fra, daughter of Charles VI, marries Henry V *Charles the Dauphin/VII: Fra, legitimate heir *Joan of Arc: visions from God 1. Free Fra 2. Crown CtD, made saint

Front 10

Hundred Years’ War-- Battle Tactics

Back 10

Eng: fast Longbow, foot soldiers Fra: heavy knight calvary, slow crossbows, few foot soldiers, early cannons

Front 11

Great Schism

Back 11

Church splits in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox, bc of “idol worship”

Front 12

Avignon Papacy

Back 12

(1309-1378) Roman Pope captured-> French pope -> both excommunicated-> German pope -> pope is not infallible-> seeds of Reformation

Front 13

Indulgences

Back 13

pay for one sin, help fund Church, liked by rich, disliked by poor and Prots.

Front 14

Niccolo Machiavelli

Back 14

“ends justify means” “better to be feared than loved”

Front 15

Donatello

Back 15

(Italian), *David, bronze free standing

Front 16

Da Vinci

Back 16

(Italian), *Madonna of the Rocks *Vitruvian Man *Mona Lisa, gay but makes weapons

Front 17

Michelangelo

Back 17

(Italian), *David (marble) *Sistine Chapel, 1st to paint God

Front 18

Raphael

Back 18

(Italian), *School of Athens *Madonna of the Meadow

Front 19

Botticelli

Back 19

(Italian), *Birth of Venus, lots of mythological

Front 20

Titian

Back 20

(Northern), *naked Venus *Bacchus and Adriane

Front 21

Van Eyck

Back 21

(Northern), *Giovanni Arnolfini and his wife, mirror, signature

Front 22

Der Weyden

Back 22

(Northern), *The Disposition/Descent from the Cross, crying people

Front 23

Massys

Back 23

(Northern), *Moneylender and his Wife *Ugly Duchess, humanist, detail

Front 24

Clouet

Back 24

(France) *Portrait of Francis I, disproportionate heads

Front 25

Pilon

Back 25

(France) *Bas Reliefs *3 Graces sculpture, Fontainebleau School

Front 26

Cramach the Younger

Back 26

(German) *Martin Luther, everyday realism

Front 27

Durer

Back 27

(German) *Last Supper woodcut, disliked by RCC bc prints for vernacular Bible

Front 28

Holbein the Younger

Back 28

(German) *portraits of Humanists (ex: Erasmus, Thomas More)

Front 29

Renaissance Characteristics

Back 29

1st nudity since Classical era, perspective (Da Vinci), individualism (Raphael), geometrical arrangement of figures

Front 30

Martin Luther

Back 30

(German) founder of Lutheranism/Protestant Reformation, 95 theses, against the murderous thieving hordes of Peasants, diet of Worms, wants unified Church

Front 31

Lutheranism

Back 31

(Germany) justification by faith, no celibacy, vernacular Bible, no saints, no indulgences, women’s souls =men’s souls, only spiritual transubstantiation

Front 32

Thomas Muntzer

Back 32

(Germany) Protestant, wants encourages Peasants’ War -> against the murderous thieving hordes of Peasants by Luther

Front 33

Peace of Augsburg

Back 33

(1555) ends Protestant v. HRE war, gives political equality to Protestants, Pirinces choose for province

Front 34

Charles V of HRE conflicts

Back 34

*Hapsburg-Valois wars (1521-1544) * Sulieman the Magnificent (Ottomans) *Sack of Rome *Schmalkadic Wars *Turkish invasion

Front 35

Cult of Eve

Back 35

women’s souls are just a portion of man’s, tainted bc Original Sin/apple

Front 36

Mannerism

Back 36

(1520s-1590s) *+ discord – harmony (twisted bodies) *+ emotion – reason *imagination v. reality *+instability – equilibrium *bodies distorted *lurid colors *crowded spaces *void in center * hanging figures *breakdown of Ren. perspective work

Front 37

EL Greco

Back 37

(Spanish) 1st mannerist, “splitscreen”, *Pieta (taking Jesus off The Cross) *Adoration of Jesus

Front 38

Caravaggio

Back 38

(Italian) *Calling of St. Matthews (window), keeps work of Ren. realism with Mannerist light and dark

Front 39

Tintoretto

Back 39

(Italy) *Annunciation (Gabriel comes to Mary), Ren. is DEAD, no rebirth or joy

Front 40

Parmagianino

Back 40

*Madonna with the Long Neck, patron in corner=reality, pillar to nowhere

Front 41

Lutheranism in Scandinavia

Back 41

Union of Kalmar (1397) Den+Swe+Nor-> Christian II overthrown-> Frederick I and Christian III establishes Protestantism

Front 42

Ulrich Zwingli

Back 42

began Swiss Reformation in Zurich (1523)

Front 43

Zwinglianism

Back 43

*remove Church decorations * Replace Mass * no music *no monasticism, pilgrimages, veneration of saints *no priests, Papal hierarchy *spiritual transubstantiation

Front 44

Marburg Colloquy

Back 44

Philip of Hesse tries to unite Lutherans with Zwinglians to defend against HRE, unsuccessful bc argument of Transubstantiation

Front 45

Anabaptists

Back 45

all are equal, non-violent, Christians are above law, persecuted in England, Switzerland, Germany-> move to Poland/Netherlands/Munster, adult baptism

Front 46

Melchorites/ Millenariums

Back 46

believe 2nd Coming is near-> drive out/ kill “unholy”, want Munster to be New Jerusalem, John of Leiden= King, besieged and executed by Catholics and Protestants

Front 47

Mennonites

Back 47

Menno Simmons, back to equality/ non-violence, no preachers (elected from congregation), separate from world, no new technology, become Amish

Front 48

Thomas Cranmer and Thomas Cromwell

Back 48

Cromwell advisors to Henry VIII, arrange marriage annulment from Catherine of Aragon, Protestant advocates, Royal Supremacy (King=head of Church), leads to English split from RCC

Front 49

John Calvin

Back 49

French convert to Protestantism, student of Luther, writes Ecclesiastical Ordinances (1541), intro to theocracy courts

Front 50

Calvinism

Back 50

Similar to Lutheranism, predestination (God decides from beginning), spiritual transubstantiation

Front 51

Edict of Fontainebleau

Back 51

France, (1540), Inquisition of Catholicism, drives people towards Calvinism

Front 52

Catherine de Medici

Back 52

Super Catholic, Regent of France, St. Bartholomew Massacre (kills Protestant leaders at wedding in Paris)

Front 53

William of Orange

Back 53

Netherlands, Northern Netherlands, Calvinist, Council of Troubles/Blood, encourages Sea beggars and Dutch to rebel against Catholic Spanish, leads to Revolution

Front 54

Union of Utrecht

Back 54

Southern Dutch Provinces, Catholic, ally with Spanish

Front 55

Union of Arras

Back 55

Northern Dutch Provinces, Calvinist, against Spanish

Front 56

Edict of Nantes

Back 56

(1598) Catholicism=state religion, protestants give equal rights and toleration

Front 57

Philip II of Spain’s goals

Back 57

(1556-1598) 1. wealth 2. Powerful Spanish military 3. Expand Spanish borders 4. Expand Catholicism 5. Spain = most powerful country in Europe

Front 58

Conquistadors

Back 58

*De Vaca (7 cities of gold) *Cortes (Aztecs) *Pizarra (Peru) *Balboa (Pacific Ocean)

Front 59

Pirates

Back 59

English, intercept Yucatan gold on Spanish Galleons *Edward Teach/Black beard *Captain Kidd *Francis Drake

Front 60

Sir Francis Drake

Back 60

most successful, gives 15% to Crown (Elizabeth I), Admiral of English Navy, defeats Spanish Armada, starts Museum of Britain

Front 61

Dutch Compromise

Back 61

Dutch pledge loyalty to Spanish Crown, get religious toleration

Front 62

Elizabeth I of England

Back 62

(1558-1603) 1. Defeat of Spanish Armada 2. Colonies in New World 3. Shakespeare, uses womanhood to taunt Parliament, not married so doesn’t lose power, gives Parliament right to tax->now disliked by people

Front 63

Puritans

Back 63

similar to Amish, exiled from England to Netherlands-> sent to New World on Mayflower-> begin Massachusetts *plain church *plain dress *strict adherence to Bible