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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Middle Ages
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an era ushered in by the decline of the Roman Empire, and was also known as the dark ages for the many negative events that took place during this time period. During the period, new institutions emerged to replace those of the fallen Roman Empire, unified civilization flourished in China and Southwest Asia, unlike the fragmented Europe
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Franks
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a Germanic people who lived in the Roman province of Gaul and were led by Clovis
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Clovis
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-leader of Gaul
-Wife convinced him to convert to her faith (Christianity) -Fearing defeat in battle, he turned to the Christian God and prayed for help -tide of battle shifted, miraculous victory -baptized with 300 other warriors -Church supported Clovis and his military campaigns against other Germanic peoples -united franks into one kingdom -alliance with church vital to the unifying factor, powerful partnership -extended his rule over most of what is now france -greatly strenghtened the Merovingian Dynasty |
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Monastery
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religious communities built by the church to adapt to rural conditions. it housed monks that became servants of God, and nuns who followed this religious way of life lived in convents.
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Secular
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a worldly power. the papacy, after Gregory the first came to power, became secular as its authority broadened
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Pope Gregory I
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-became pope in 590
-broadened the authority of the papacy, for he was head of the church in rome -helped the papacy to become a secular authority -palace the center of roman govt. -used church revenues to raise armies, repair roads,and help th epoor -negotiated peace treaties with invaders like Lombards -began to act as mayor of Rome -influence extended beyond the city's boundaries -according to (him), region from italy to england, spain, western germany, was his responsibility -helped a churchly kingdom to become a king during the Middle ages |
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Battle of Tours
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a battle fought between Charles Martel, a palace leader who was the first to be more powerful than the king, and a Muslim raiding party from spain. if the muslims had won, Europe could've become mainly muslim instead of Christian
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Carolingian Dynasty
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It began after the announcement the Pepin the short, descendent of Charles Martel, was named "king by the grace of god".
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Charlemagne
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-son of Pepin the Short
-seized control of the entire kingdom -an imposing figure -built an empire greater than any known since ancient rome -he led his armies against the enemies that surrounded his borders -fought muslims in spain and the tribes from other Germanic kingdoms -spread christianity through conquests -reunited western Europe for the first time since the Roman empire -became the most powerful king in western europe -saved pope Leo III from an unruly mob -crowned emperor by pope -signaled the joining of Germanic power, the church, and the heritage of the Roman empire -strenghtened royal power by limiting the power of nobles -sent out royal agents that made sure that powerful landholders, called counts, governed their counties justly -regularly visited every part of his kingdom -judged cases, settled disputes, rewarded faithful followers -kept close watch on management of his huge estates (source of Carolingian wealth and power) -encouraged learning -surrounded himself with schol |
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Effects of the arrival of the Germans
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-disruption of trade (from invasions, so businesses collapsed, economic centers destroyed)
-downfall of cities (abandoned) -population shifts(nobles retreated to the rural areas and abandoned cities to grow their own food) |
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Effects of the fall of the Roman Empire
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-Decline of learning (invading barbarians)
-loss of a common language -changing concept of govt. -Christianity stepping in to restore order and peace |
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Changes in the concept of govt. under Germanic rule
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changes from loyalty to public government and written law to ties and personal loyalty, rather than citizenship in a public state. (lived in small communities)
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Role of Monasteries
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monasteries worked to preserve learning and house those who were converting to christianity and needed to adapt to rural conditions
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Lord
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a landowner who was involved in the feudal system that developed and was granted a fief
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Fief
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a piece of land granted by a landowner in the feudal system.
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Feudalism
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The system that developed in western europe from invasions. As people fled to the countryside, they had to become self-sufficient in order to live properly, and so the Feudal System, a hierarchy, was born.
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Vassal
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the person receiving the fief
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Knight
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A fierce warrior who followed chivalry and had to be willing to die for their lords.
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Manor
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the lord's estate
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Serfs
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people who could not lawfully leave the place where they were born. they were payed little to no money, and had to be self-sufficient with growing crops while still being loyal to their lord
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Manorialism
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the basic economic arrangement between a lord and his serfs where the lord provided his serfs with housing, strips of farmland, and protection from bandits, and in return, the serfs tended to the lord’s land, cared for his animals, and performed other tasks to keep up his estate.
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Tithe
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After all their payments to the lord, a tithe was the church tax that peasant families paid and represented one tenth of their income. It was to get revenue for the church. also known as a church tax
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Knight
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a complex set of ideals that knights had to follow and demanded that a knight fight bravely in defense of three masters.
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Troubadour
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poet-musicians at the castles and courts of Europe who composed short verses and songs about the joys and sorrows of romantic love.
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Stages of Becoming a knight
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o The education of a young noble began as early as 7 years old
• He was sent off to the castle of another lord by his parents • He waited on his hosts and learned courtly manners, played chess (to learn war strategies), and developed fighting skills by practicing sword fighting. o At age 14, turned from page to squire • Acted as a servant to the knight • Took care of knight’s armor, weapons, and warhorse, and escorted the knight to battles o At age 21, squire became full-fledged knight • Might have heard his lord say at the knighting ceremony: “in the name of god, Saint Michael, and Saint George, I dub thee knight. Be valiant” |
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Status of Women
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Women wielded less power as the middle ages progressed, a big part due to the progression of the Church in the lives of the people. Trying to regain control of religious appointments and organizations, they reclaimed things that women had control of. Noblewomen could inherit an estate from her husband and send his knights to war, and often played a key role in defending castles, and could act as military command and a warrior when her husband was off fighting. However, noblewomen were not eligible to receive land as reward in exchangen for military service. Also, they held less property, and did not receive land from their parents who were lords, only their brothers could.
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Clergy
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Religious officials
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Sacrament
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important religious ceremonies administered by priests and other religious officials.
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Canon Law
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a law that all Christians, kings, and peasants were subject to. Also known as the law of the church, it covered matters such as marriage and religious practices.
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Excommunication
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: a punishment passed by the Church-supported court and was one of the worst consequences for breaking canon law. It was the banishment from the church, and was used to wield over political rulers.
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Interdict
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another punishment passed by the church supported court. If a king disobeyed his sentenced excommunication, he would receive an interdict, which stated that the king could not have any sacraments and religious services in his lands.
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Holy Roman Empire
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located in Germany, it was the strongest kingdom that arose from the ruins of Charlemagne's empire
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Lay investiture
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the focus of the resentment of the church towards the state, for it was the law passed that said kings and lords could appoint religious leaders. This created the idea that lords and kings were more powerful than religious leaders.
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Concordant of Worms
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: the compromise reached by the church and the emperor that said while the church alone could appoint leaders, it could be vetoed by the emperor or lords.
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How did the Church unify western Europe?
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Because most of the people of what was left of Rome were Christian, by taking power, the church brought together a large population of people who would all obey them and their policies
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2Why was excommunication and/or interdict from the Church a serious threat to lords and kings?
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It showed how the church was taking control of political matters too, and stepping out of their realm of control (that was of religious matters).
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How did the practice of Lay Investiture give power to kings?
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Because, by choosing the religious leaders, showed that they had more authority and power over that of the church.
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What happened when Henry IV went against Pope Gregory?
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He lost and was excommunicated, and had to beg for the Pope’s forgiveness of his sins in return for his throne again.
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Was the Concordant of Worms a fair compromise for both the emperor and the church?
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Yes, for while the church could elect religious leaders, the state had the opportunity to veto it. However, this could cause political and religious tensions in the future.
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Simony
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a practice that troubled the church during the Age of Faith, one of three that troubled reformers the most. It was the selling of church positions by Bishops.
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Gothic
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a new style of architecture that arose in the early 1100s that described the particular church architecture that spread throughout medieval Europe. The term Gothic originates from the Germanic tribe titled the Goths. This form of architecture differed from its partners, for unlike its heavy, gloomy Romanesque neighbors, it thrust upward as if reaching towards the heavens. There were also stained glass windows that brought in colored light, and soon, Gothic cathedrals were built in many towns in France. The Cathedral of Notre Dame was a very famous Gothic work, and stands in Paris today. Like this one, eventually some Cathedrals rose over 100 feet. Other forms of art clustered around the Gothic Cathedral- sculpture, woodcarvings, and the stained-glass windows. The Cathedral represented the city of God, and it was decorated richly.
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Crusades
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meant a “holy war”, and was issued by Pope Urban II after Alexius Comnenus’s appeal to war. Crusades were continually launched over a course of 200 years, and the goal of these was to recover Jerusalem and the Holy land from the Muslim Turks. They had both economic goals and religious motives. (Page 344)
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Saladin
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the most famous Muslim leader in the 1100s. His followers considered him a devout man, and the Christians even regarded him as honest and brave. His goal was to chase the Crusaders back into their own territories. Fought against Richard the lion-hearted, and made a truce with him where he kept Jerusalem.
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Richard the Lion-hearted
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one of three powerful monarchs who participated in leading the Third Crusade to try to recapture Jerusalem. He was known for his good looks, charm, courage, and grace. Although he was originally ruling England, he left to fight in the crusade due to his religious Zeal. After his two partners were gone, he was left as sole leader of the regaining of the holy land. He, like Saladin, was a ruthless fighter. However, the two both respected each other. After fighting many battles, the two agreed to a truce in 1192. The truce said that while Jerusalem remained under Muslim control, in return, Saladin promised that unarmed Christian pilgrims could freely visit the city’s holy places.
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Reconquista
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a strong effort to drive Muslims out of Spain.
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Inquisition
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a tribunal held by the church to suppress heresy.
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What were some problems in the church?
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There were many things that troubled the church, most going against their belief system. For example, a priest was no allowed to marry. Also, bishops began to sell church positions, and the practice of lay investiture really through the church off as well.
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What were the religious, social, economic and political goals of the Crusades?
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To, while make money and support for the church, also win over people politically for fighting for Christianity and the holy city
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How did the Crusades change the history of Europe?
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The crusades allowed access for Christian pilgrims to travel into the holy city of Jerusalem. Also, the last Crusades split up the eastern and western churches.
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Three-Field System
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under this system, farmers could grow crops on two-thirds of their land each year, no just on half of it.
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Guild
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an association of people who worked at the same occupation.
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Burgesses
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town dwellers who resented feudal lords and this interference in their trade and commerce. (middle class)
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Vernacular
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the everyday language of their homeland.
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Dante
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a writer who wrote the Divine Comedy in Italian.
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Chaucer
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he wrote the Canterbury Tales in English
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Thomas Aquinas
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a scholar who argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument
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Scholastics
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Aquinas and his fellow scholars who met at the great universities
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Identify reasons for the expansion of trade and finance
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One reason was a part in population growth. Trade routes spread across Europe from Flanders to Italy. Soon, trade routes were open to Asia. The need for finance expanding is the medieval world of fairs and guilds created a need for large amounts of cash.
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How did trade influence the growth of towns
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As trade grew, towns swelled with people. Each town in Europe had about 1,500 to 2,500 people living in it.
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what was the effect of towns on feudalism
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Many serfs have left their manor in search for a new town to live in. A serf could be come free by living within a town for a year and a day. A saying went “Town air make you free.”
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What was the Financial revolution
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Before a merchant could make a profit selling goods at a fair, he first had to purchase goods from distant places. He had to borrow money, but the Church called this a sin, usury. Money lending was one of the few ways of making a living allowed them.
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William the Conquerer
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-duke of normandy
-invaded England while it was at war for the throne -king Edward's cousin -claimed english crown and invaded England with a norman army -ambitious, tough, imposing -fought the battle of hastings against the saxons for the throne against their leader, Harold Godwinson. -declared England his personal property -english lords who supported harold lost their lands -granted fiefs to 200 Norman lords who swore oaths of loyalty to him personally -laid the foundation for centralized government |
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Henry II
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-added to the holdings of land in both England and Normandy by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine
-brought with her more lands from France |
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Eleanor of Aquitaine
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-married to Henry II
-brought with her more lands from France |
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Magna Carta
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-most celebrated document in English history
-drawn up by english nobles -applied to nobles and then eventually to everybody -guaranteed certain basic political rights -wanted to safeguard their own feudal rights and limit the kings powers -guaranteed basic legal rights both in England and in the USA |
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John I
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-approved the Magna Carta by force
-failed as a military leader -lost Normandy and all lands in northern France -tried to squeeze money out of subjects |
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Parliament
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in order to hang onto his last remaining French Lands, Edward I needed to raise taxes for a war, so he summoned two burgessed from every borough and two knights from every county to serve as a parliament for money
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The Model Parliament
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called this because it served as a model for later kings due to its new makeup of commoners as well as lords
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Phillip II
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-one of th emost powerful Capetians
-watched his father lose land to King Henry II of England as a child -became king at age of 15 -set out to weaken the power of the English kings in France -crafty, unprincipled, and willing to do whatever necessary to achieve his goals -little success against Henry II or Henry's son, richard the Lion hearted. -beat King John -by the end of reign, tripled the size of lands under his direct control -established royal officials called bailiffs that were sent to every district to preside over the king's courts and collect the king's taxes |
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Louis IX
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-pious and saintly
-known as the ideal king -made a saint by the Catholic Church -created a French appeals court, which could overturn the decisions of local courts -royal courts strengthened the monarchy while weakening feudal ties |
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Phillip IV
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-involved in a quarrel with the pope
-pope refused to allow priests to pay taxes -Philip disputed the right of the pope to control Church affairs in his kingdom -decided to include commoners in the meetings iwth his lords and bishops when he needed support for his policies |
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Basic rights guaranteed by the Magna Carta
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-no taxation wihtout representation
-jury trial -protection of th elaw -basic legal rights |
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How and why did parliaments develop in England and France
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The king needed money to wage war against the French to reclaim land, so he created the parliament to help raise it
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How and hwy did the English parliament change over time
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overtime, the parliament went from being composed of lords, burgesses, and commoners and knights, to two houses: one with nobles and bishops, one with commoners and burgesses
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St. Francis of Assissi
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-son of a rich merchant
-gave up his wealth and turned to preaching when he was 20 -placed much less importance on scholarship than did dominic -treated all creatures as if they were his spiritual brothers and sisters |
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Urban II
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-issued a call for a crusade to protect against the muslim-turks to gain control over the holy land
-call brought a tremendous outpouring of religious feeling and support for the Crusade |
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Avignon
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The city in France where Clement V, the new pope and a former French archbishop, who succeeded Pope Boniface. He was chosen by the College of Cardinals. This move badly weakened the Church, for when reformers tried to move the papacy back to Rome, it worsened.
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Great Schism
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the split of the church, also known as the division, when France elected an Italian Pope as demanded by reformers, named Pope Urban VI. However, his arrogant personality and passion for reform led to the Cardinals choosing another Pope, Pope Clement VII, who was French. Both Popes declared the other to be a fraud, and excommunicated each other, to the point where the churches were now split.
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John Wycliffe
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an English professor who challenged the papacy further. He preached that Jesus Christ, not the pope, was the true head of the Church. He supported his argument by explaining how the clergy was extremely wealthy. He also expressed his belief that the Bible, not the Pope, was the basis for Christian life. He spread this idea by inspiring an English translation o the New Testament of the Bible. At the time, it was only available in French or Latin. His ideas, thought of at the time as extremely radical, were discussed widely through England.
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Jan Hus
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a professor from Bohemia who was strongly influenced by Wycliffe’s writings. He taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the Pope. He was excommunicated in 1412 for his beliefs. He was then urge by the German emperor Sigismund to attend the Council of Constance that he had arranged. He was given safe conduct in the emperor’s effort to include him in the council. However, when he arrived at the meeting, he was captured and tried as a heretic, before being burned at the stake.
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Bubonic Plague
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a deadly disease that killed approximately one third of the population of Europe. It began in Asia, traveling the trade lanes, and ended up infecting most of Asia and the Muslim world, before it inevitably reached Europe. A fleet of Genoese merchant ships arrived in Sicily carrying a dread cargo. The disease was also called the Black Death, and was called so for it would produce purplish or blackish spots on the skin. The disease swept through Italy, to France, Germany, England, and other parts of Europe. It did the opposite of what most crisis’ do, for instead of uniting Europe’s population, it resulted in ripping apart every fabric of society. The disease was then blamed on the Jews, and so they were driven from their homes or massacred. The disease took four years to spread to every part of Europe. Three quarters of the people that caught the disease died. The disease, by the end, had killed 25 million people in Europe and many more millions in Asia and North Africa. Although it returned every few years,
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Hundred Year's War
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after the death of the last Capetian king, the lack of a successor allowed England’s Edward III to claim the right to the French throne as grandson of Philip IV. He then launched a war for the throne that became known as the Hundred years’ war, and added to everything else during the century that caused it to be miserable. Victory passed back and forth between the two sides, finally, though, the French were able to drive the English out of France entirely, except for the port city of Calais.
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Joan of Arc
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a teenage peasant girl who, believing she had received a divine message, went on to convince the king of France to wage war against England once more in order to break the treaty which would lead to an English king succeeding him.
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What were the effects of the Bubonic Plague
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a) Town populations fell
b) Trade declined c) Prices rose d) Fewer people to work e) Farmland was abandoned or used to pasture sheep f) Many serfs left in an effort to receive better wages for their work g) The manorial system crumbled h) Nobles fiercely resisted peasant demands for higher wages, causing peasant revolts in England, France, Italy, and Belgium i) The Church suffered a loss of prestige due to the fact that prayer did not halt the spread of the disease j) Clergy deserted their flocks or charged high fees to perform services for the dying k) The population became pessimistic, and feared what was to come. l) Many people became obsessed with material wealth, for the fear of dying was strong. |
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Which event do you think diminished the power of the Church more – the Great Schism or the bubonic plague?
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The bubonic plague, for while the Great Schism divided the church, it still existed in its entirety. However, the bubonic plague led to many people not trusting the church, for they were not able to halt the onslaught of the disease and therefore, many lost faith in the papacy. Without the support, the church would crumble.
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How did the Hundred Years’ War encourage a feeling of nationalism in both France & England?
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For, now that they had won a great battle led by their monarchs, the two countries felt united under their national leaders.
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