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160 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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protestant reformation
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a religious movement of teh 16th sentury that began as an attempt to reform the roman catholic church and resulted in the creation of protestant churches
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pluralism
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the holding of several church offices by a single person
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bretheren of the common life
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pious laypeople in sixteenth century holland who initiated a religious revival in their model of christian living
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indulgences
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remission of the punishment for sin by the clergy in return for services or payments
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martin luther
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german theologian and leadr of the reformation. his oppostition to the wealth and corruption of the papcy and his belief that salvation would be granted on the basis of faith alone rather than by works caused his exommunication from the catholic church (1521). luther confirmed the augsburg confession in 1530, effectively establishing the lutheran church
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95 theses
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written about the power of indulgences; authored by reformer martin luther; intended for academic debate
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diet of worms
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charles V's assembly of german estates that declared Luthers teachings heretical, after he refused to recant his beliefs
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ulrich zwingli
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swiss humanist and admirer of erasmus; introduced the reformation in switzerland
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diet of speyer
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a fathering of german princes who protested the catholic churchs decisions regarding luther
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confession of augsburg
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the main writings of lutheranism; written by luthers friend, philip melanchthon
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twelve articles
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condemned lay and eccelsiastical lords and summarized the agrian crisis of theh early 16th century
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against the murderous, thieving hordes of the peasants
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a tract written by luther. "let everyone who can smitem slay and stab the peasants secretly and openly remembering that nothing can be more poisonous nurtful or devilish than a rebel"
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hapsburg dynasty
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a family that controlled spain part of italy and part of the holy roman empire. it was extremelly powerful until the thirty years war
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charles V
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holy roman emperor and carlos I of spain tried to keep europe religiously united, inherited spain, the netherlands, southern italy, austria, and much of the HRE from his grandparents, he sought to stop protestantism and increase the power of catholicism. he allied with the pope to stamp out heresy and maintain religious inity in europe. he was preoccupied struggles with turkey and france and couldnt soley focus on the ride of protestantism in germany
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appeal to the nobility of the german nation
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luther discussed devout laypeople and churchmen call on the german princes to reform the church
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peace of augsburg
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ended the religious wars. the division of christianity was formally acknowledged with lutheranism granted equal legal standing wtih catholicism
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john calvin
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swiss theologian (born in FR) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined presbyterianism (1509-1564)
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the institutes of christian religion
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john calvins publication that was the cornerstone of his theology; provided the belief in the absolute sovereignty and omnipotence of god adn the total weakness of humanity
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predestination
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theological principle that god determined mans salvation at the beginning of time
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michael servetus
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spanish humanist; gained notoreity for his publications denying the christian dogma of the trinity, burned at the stake
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anabaptists
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protestant sect that belived onlyadults could make a free choice about religion, baptism, and entry into the christian community
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henry VIII
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english king who broke away from the catholic church and started the church of england
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william tyndale
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english translator and protesant matyr, translated the english bible in 1526 and executed becuase english bibles made thier way to england
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catherine of aragon
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the first wife of henry VIII; bore a daughter named mary and had several still births afterwards; she was later divorced by henry after he established the church of england
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surpremacy act of 1534
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act of parliament that made henry VIII head of church
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church of england
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anglican church, church created in england as a result of a political dispute between henry VIII and teh pope, pope wouldnt let henry divorce his wife
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pilgramage of grace
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a huge multi-class rebellion that opposed the bnorth to henrys reformation
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book of common prayer (1549)
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book written in english by archbishop thomas cranmer taht included the order for all the services of the church of england and the psalter
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mary I (mary tudor)
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mary tudor (1516-1558) was the daughter of henry VIII and catherine of aragon. queen of england from 1553 to 1558. she was the wife of philip II of spain and when she restored roman catholocism to england many protesants were burned at the stake as heretics
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purtians
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strict religious group based on the teachings of john calvin. were known to persecute religious dissidents and believed in predestination. lived in england eventually went to form the massachusetts bay colony in 1629
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elizabeth I
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queen of england from 1558 to 1603. daughter of henry VIII and anne boleyn; she succeeded mary I (who was a catholic) and restored protestantism to england; during her reign mary queen of scotts was executed and teh spanish armada was defeated. shrewd, intelligent, strong successful leader
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john knox (1505-1572)
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established the presbyterian church of scotland with the support of the scottish nobles opposing the centralizing efforets of catholic king James V
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presbyterian church
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church founded in scotland on the ideas of calvin.became nationalized government of scotland, and in 1564, the book of common order became the liturgical directory. eventually spread to the new world
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counter reformation
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catholic response to the protesant reformation to the protestant heresy. goasl included restoring prestige and honour to the holy see in tome and bring heretics back in line by the use of the inquisition and the index of forbidden books
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pope paul III
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he promised to summon a council for reform if he was elected pope and the death of pope clement VII. roman aristocrat, humanist, and astrologer, pope paul III formed the council of trent during the catholic reformations and the inquisition in papal italy. noted for ending pluralism, secret marriagesm and attacking corruption
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council of trent/tridentium/ tridentine catholicism
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a church council that was innitiated by pope paul III during the counter reformation. It was called to reform the holy mother church and reconcile protestants but their rejection of her teachings made this impossible. the clergy of the HREmpire were divided, weakening the council. success was made however in reafirming core christian beliefs and ending much corruption, notable an end to pluralism, secret marriage, and increased stress on the value of lay people
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st teresa of avila
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a woman from spain who joined a carmelite convent in avila but did not approve of the worldly situation in the convent. under orders from christ the lordm she reformed the convent, practicing poverty, notably removing shows and now accepting rent, and keeping strict enclosure to keep the environment pure. she serves as an example to many in the holy mother church in regards to humility and adaptation without losing oneself
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ignatius loyola
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catholic priest that established the jesuits. wrote spiritual excersizes
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jesuits
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aslo known as teh scoiety of jesus; founded by ignatius loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resus the spread of protestantism
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index of prohibited books
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the index of prohibited books (index librorum prohibitorum) was a list of works consisdered too immoral or irreligious for catholics to read. the lsit included books by luther and calvin, as well as ealier works by petrarch and other humanists
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habsburg-valois wars
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a series of conflicts from 1494-1559 between the leading european powers for control of the italian states
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trea yof cateau- cambresis
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new nobles who purchased high offices in govt which tended to remain in these new nobles' families. tax exempt
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catherine de medici
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wife of henry II of Fr, had 3 sons: Fracis II, Charles IX, and Henry III whom she tried to control the country thru. member of the italian medici banking family
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hugenots
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french calvinists, the gentry members of this religious group were murdered at st bartholomews day massacre
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st bartholomew's day massacre
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occurred on st bartholomews day, on the wedding day of margaret of valois and henry of navarre, catholic nobility had hugenot nobility attacked and murdered, sparking a mass murder of the hugenots in paris which spread to several other cities
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war of the three henry's
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led by the saint bartholomews day massacre. the 3 weak sons of henry II (henry II of Fr, henry of navarre, and henry of guise) had fought becuase guise created the holy league to replace henry III and destroy calvanism. this led to religious rioting and civil conflicts. eventually henry of guide and king henry III were assassinated and henry of navarre became henry VI of Fr
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politiques
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small groups of moderate of both faiths. they believed a stron monarchy could save FR. wanted to recognize the hugenots as an offivially recognized group (total religious toelrance not instituted yet)
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henry IV of Fr
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originally henry of navarre. he was a politique. he became a batholic because he knew most of Fr was catholic. he gave the hugenots religious liberty, his rule paved the way for Fr absolutism and helped restore internal peace in Fr
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edict of nantes
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published by Henry IV which granted Hugenots liberty and allowed public worship. helped lead the way to fr absolutism
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phillip II
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once of charles V's sons. he inherited from Charles V spain, the low countriesm milan, the kingdom of Sicily, and the spanish possessions of america. he was a powerful ruler and spain and very catholic
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church of england
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anglican church, church created in england as a result of a political dispute between henry VIII and teh pope, pope wouldnt let henry divorce his wife
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pilgramage of grace
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a huge multi-class rebellion that opposed the bnorth to henrys reformation
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book of common prayer (1549)
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book written in english by archbishop thomas cranmer taht included the order for all the services of the church of england and the psalter
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mary I (mary tudor)
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mary tudor (1516-1558) was the daughter of henry VIII and catherine of aragon. queen of england from 1553 to 1558. she was the wife of philip II of spain and when she restored roman catholocism to england many protesants were burned at the stake as heretics
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purtians
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strict religious group based on the teachings of john calvin. were known to persecute religious dissidents and believed in predestination. lived in england eventually went to form the massachusetts bay colony in 1629
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elizabeth I
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queen of england from 1558 to 1603. daughter of henry VIII and anne boleyn; she succeeded mary I (who was a catholic) and restored protestantism to england; during her reign mary queen of scotts was executed and teh spanish armada was defeated. shrewd, intelligent, strong successful leader
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john knox (1505-1572)
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established the presbyterian church of scotland with the support of the scottish nobles opposing the centralizing efforets of catholic king James V
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presbyterian church
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church founded in scotland on the ideas of calvin.became nationalized government of scotland, and in 1564, the book of common order became the liturgical directory. eventually spread to the new world
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counter reformation
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catholic response to the protesant reformation to the protestant heresy. goasl included restoring prestige and honour to the holy see in tome and bring heretics back in line by the use of the inquisition and the index of forbidden books
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pope paul III
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he promised to summon a council for reform if he was elected pope and the death of pope clement VII. roman aristocrat, humanist, and astrologer, pope paul III formed the council of trent during the catholic reformations and the inquisition in papal italy. noted for ending pluralism, secret marriagesm and attacking corruption
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prince william of orange
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"the silent" b/c of remarkable disecretion 17 provinces united under him in 1576
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united provinces of the netherlands
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formed in 1581- dutch republic recieved aid from elizabeth I- major blow to phillips goal of maintaining catholicism throughout his empire
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mary stuart
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queen of scotland from 1542 to 1567as a catholic she was forced to abdicate in favor of her son and fled to england where she was imprisoned by elizabeth I; when catholic supporters plotted to put her on the english throne she was tried and executed
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council of blood
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created by duke of alba, spanish governor of the netherlands in 1567. the job of this council was to try cases of suspected treason comitted by protestant rebels against the catholic govt imposed by spain
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prince william "the silent" of orange
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1572-1584- leader of the seventeen provinces of the netherlands. leading a recolt against spanish rule in the netherlands, he briefly succeeded in uniting the catholic south and protestant northern provinces.
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escorial
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new royal palace built in shape of grill to commemorate the martydom of st mawrence- symbolized phillips power nad commitment to catholic crusade
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spanish armada
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a great fleet of 130 ships sent by phillip II to defeat the english becuase of the death of mary, queen of scots
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proestant union and catholic league
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2 sepatate alliances formed by the protestant princes and catholics during the 30 yrs war, eahc was determined that the other should not make any type of religious advance
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30 yrs war
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a serious of wars from 1618-1648 that started as religous confluct and became a war between Fr and the hapsburgs
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defenstration of prague
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marked the beginning of the 30 yrs wat, the catholic king of bohemia clsoed some protestant churches which cuased some protestants to throw 2 of the king's officials out the window
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prince frederich of palatinate
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the leader of the protestant union in teh civil war in bohemia who was defeated by ferdinand and the catholic league
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pedro cabral
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a portugese explorer who discovered south america (brazil) on accident in 1500, claiming it for portugal. he intended to sail on de gama's route but was blown off course itno south america
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alfonso de albuquerque
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portugese governor of india, who had the idea that protugal should try to control the ports to gian power
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caravel
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a swift, maneuverable sailing ship used for exploration by the spanish and the portugese in the 1500s and 11600s
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astolabe
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an explorer's instrument used to measure teh alutitude from teh stars, this gave the latitude and longitude coordinates of the ship allowing the explorers to chart their location
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escorial
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new royal palace built in shape of grill to commemorate the martydom of st mawrence- symbolized phillips power nad commitment to catholic crusade
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spanish armada
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a great fleet of 130 ships sent by phillip II to defeat the english becuase of the death of mary, queen of scots
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proestant union and catholic league
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2 sepatate alliances formed by the protestant princes and catholics during the 30 yrs war, eahc was determined that the other should not make any type of religious advance
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30 yrs war
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a serious of wars from 1618-1648 that started as religous confluct and became a war between Fr and the hapsburgs
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defenstration of prague
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marked the beginning of the 30 yrs wat, the catholic king of bohemia clsoed some protestant churches which cuased some protestants to throw 2 of the king's officials out the window
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dutch east india trading company
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a company founded by the dutch in teh early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout asia. richer and more powerful than englands company, they frove out the english adn established dominace over the region. it ended up going bankrupt and being bought out by british
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peace of westphalia
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a collection of treaties that ended the 30 years war (1648) and readjusted the religious and political affairs of europe
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vikings
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group of scandanavian invaders who riaded widely through europe
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prince henry "the navigator"
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a portugese prince who was responsible for the beginning of european worldwide explorations
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bartholomew diaz
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portugese, first european to reach the southern tup of africa
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vasco de gama
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protugese explorer. in 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from europe to sail to india, opening an important commerical sea route
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vikings
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group of scandanavian invaders who riaded widely through europe
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prince henry "the navigator"
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a portugese prince who was responsible for the beginning of european worldwide explorations
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vasco de gama
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portugese explorer. in 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from europe to sial to india, opening an important commericail sea route
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christopher columbus
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italian navigator and explorer who made the americas knownn in europe. in 1492, sailed 3 ships and sailed to canary islands before his arrival at san salvador now known as the bahamas
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amerigo vespuccie, mundis novis
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an itallian explorer and cartographer that claimed that north america was a fourth continent and not part of asia. a world mapproduced in 1507 named the new world american after him
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ferdinand magellan
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a portugese ocan explorer who was teh first to circumnavigate the world in 1522. he was first to cross the pacifc heading west to asia
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hernando cortez
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spanish conquisador who defeated the aztecs and conquered mexico
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edict of restitution
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(1629) emperor declared all church territories that had been secualrized since 1552 to be automatically restored to catholic church
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gustavus adolphus
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joins 30 yrs war in 1629, king of sweden, protestant leader, stands up for fellow protestants, military genuis, wins a lor for protestant team, supported by richelieu, who wants to end hapsburg power, killed in 1632 at battle of luetzen
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quinto
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one fifth- amount the spanish crown was to recieve of all precious metals minded in the americas
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bartolome de las casas
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protested econienda system, was okay with african slavery, later changed opinion to oppose all slavery
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michel de montaigne
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introduced the writing form of the essay, which he uses to express skepticism
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william shakespeare
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english poet and dramatist considered one of teh greatest english writers
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baroque
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reflected ago of absolutism- began in catholc reformation countries to teach in a concrete and emotional way and demonstrate the glory and power of catholic church, ornate, dramatic style, sparked by the catholic reformation, which developed in europe in the 1550s
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peter paul reubens
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prolific flemish baroque painter
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velasquez
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spanish painter at the court of phillip IV (baroque and portraiture) masteriece is las meninas
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rembrant
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was the greatest dutch artist of the period, who would paint protraits of wealthy middle-class merchants
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bernini
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a baroque atchitect and sculptor. made the colonnade for piazza in from of st peters basilica in rome and was his greatest architectural work, and teh canopy over teh hgih altar of st peters cathedral, and teh altarpiece teh ecstasy of st teresa, that shows a lot of emotion
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absolutism
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when sovereignty is embodies in teh person of the ruler. the theory that the monatchis supreme and can excersize full and complete power unilaterally
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divine right
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the idea that monarchs are gods representatives on earth and r therefore answerable only to god
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I'etat, c'est moi
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I am the state, loius 14 Fr
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henry IV (1589-1610)
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"paris is worth a mass" survived the st bartholomews day massacre; "a chicken in every pot" edict of nantes financial minister sully protestant
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nobles of the robe
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new Fr nobles who bought titles from king and are loyal to the king; led to weakening of the nobility
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raison d'etat
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"reason of state" richelieu: ends justified the means; immoral ok as long as end met, upport protestant against hapsburgs
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fronde
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the last aristrocratic revolt agianst a Fr monarch that effects louis 14 as a child
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tax farming
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a govt's use of private collectors to collect taxes. individuals contract with the govt to collect a fixed amt for the govt and r permitted to keep as profit everything they collect over that amt; corrupt and hated
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jean cobert
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Fr finance minister who promoted mercanitlism and economic self sufficiency for Fr; see notes for other accomp
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mercantilism
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a set of economic principles based on policies which stress govt regulation of economic activities to benefit the home country
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quebec
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Fr colony,part of mercantilistic plan
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william of orange (1672-1702)
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former stadholder of netherlands who hates louis 14 and becomes king of eng
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war of the league of ausburg
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Fr vs. HRE , spain, sweden , dutch ; L14 invades netherlands in middle william of orange b/c the king of eng and brings eng into war
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war of the spanish succession
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cause- to prevent the Fr from controlling both the Fr and Sp thrones major battle at blenheim, john churchill
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grand alliance
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formed to keep balance of power in war of spanish succession england, dutch, HRE, brandenburg etc
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peace of utrecht
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end of war of sp succession- luois grandson gets throne in Sp but will never be king of Fr. eng big winnerrr!
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cuases fo decline of spain
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over extendded in world; Sp econ hurt by expelling of middle class -moors and jews; bad kings ie charles II; loss of wars of sp succession
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duc de saint simon
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Fr noble who criticized louis 14
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britian
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combination of scotland, england, ireland, and wales
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constitutionalism
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the theroy developed in early modern eng and spread elsewhere that royal pwer shoud be subject to legal and legislative checks
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james I (1603-1625)
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eng monarch form scotland, believes in divine right
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charles I (1625-1649)
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believeing in teh divine right of kings, ruled w/out parliemant for 11yrs, unpopular extended ship money taxes, lost head in eng rev
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petition of right
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a statemtn of civil liberties sent by the enlgish parliment to finance the kingds unpopular foreign policy had caused his govt to exact forced loans and to quarter troops in subjects homes as an ecomny measure; was baded upon earlier statutes and charters as asserted 4 principles: notakes may be levied w/o consent of parliment, no subject may be imprisoned without cuase shown (habeus corpus) no soldiers may be quartered upon the citizenry, martial law may not b used in time of peace. signed by charles
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long parliament
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name form the fact that by a unique act of parliament, it could only be dissolce diwth the agreement of the members and those members didnt agree to its dissolution until after the english civil wat and at the dn og interregnum (period in between kings) in 1660. it sat from 1640 until 1649 when it was purged by the new model army of those who were not sypathetic to the armys concerns
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triennial act
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an act of parliament reluctantly agreed to by charles I (who siad it reduces his soverign powers) wich stated that there hd to be a parliament of at least 50 days duration every 3 years
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english civil war
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1642-1649 puritans (parliaments roundheads) vs royalists (calaliers); england was torn apart; king was executed in 1649
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cavaliers
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alliant to charles O. their opponents were the roundheads, loyal to parliament and oliver cromwell
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roundheads
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supported parliament (short hair) located in southeast
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thomas hobbes (1588-1679)
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leviathon absolute monarch advocate no divine right
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commonwealth
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a republic under cromwell before he dissolves parliament and becomes a dictator in teh protectorate
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oliver cromwell (1559-1658)
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military leader of the roundheads who later rules autocratically as lord protector; puritan rule
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new model army
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the disciplined fighting force of protestant led by oliver cromwell in the eng civil war
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levellers and diggers
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more equal society; and denied parl authority
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navigation act (1651)
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goods could be imported into territorites of the english commonwealth only by english ships, or by ships of the country originally producing the goods being carried; intended to cripple the frieght trade, that dutch commerce depended. dutch ships would only b able to import the produce of holland (primarily butter and cheese) into england and her coloinies
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the resoration
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restored the englsih monarchy to chalrles II, both houses of parliament were restored, established anglican church, cocurts of law and local govt
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charles II (1660-1685)
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restoration monarch secretly pro catholic
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test act (1673)
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set by parl to prevent catholics from holding office
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treaty of dover
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secret agreement between charles II of eng and loui 14 - stay out of dutch wars and make eng more catholic for $
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james II
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successor to hsi brother charles II, appointed roman catholics to positions in the army, universities, and local govt, franting religious freedom to all and overthrown by son in law william
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warming pan theory
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catalyst for glorious rev - theory that a baby boy was smuggled in adn would begin a catholic dynsaty
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william and mary
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new rulers of eng after the jimmy chuckie sandwich is completed. william was dutch
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glorious revolution
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kick out james II with NO bloodshed
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bill of rights (1689)
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states rights of citizens and becomes part of eng constitution
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john locke (1632-1704)
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philosopher, justified the glorious rev, lige liberty and property
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act of settlement
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(june 12, 1701) act of parliament regulated the succession to the english throne. it decreed that if king william III or princess (later queen) anne died w/o kids, the crown was teh pass to james I's granddaughter sophie of hanover. (1630-1714) and her protestant heirs (excludes james II catholic kids)
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act of union
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eng and scotland joined as united kingdom of great britain. brough economic advantages
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hanover dynasty
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george I from germany
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cabinet system
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political system where heads of govt administractice depatements serce as group to advise the head of state (prime minister). all there minitsers are drawn from the majority party in the legislature ( in britain house of commons ) and are respinsible to it
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prime minister
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head of govt in eng the first one was robert walpole "bobblies" named after him
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bank of amsterdam
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1609, amsterdam, deposit adn transfer insitition (modern bank) a dutch joint stocks bank
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dutch east india company
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govt chartered joint stock compant that controlled the spice trade in east indies
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joint stock company
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a compant made up of a group of shareholders. each shareholder contributes some money to the compnat and recieves come sahre of teh company's profits and debts
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marie de medici
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deaded govt for child king louis XIII, feudal nobles/princes had control of govt, but appointed cardinal richeleiu to the council of ministers
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cardinal richelieu
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this was the man who influenced the power of king luois XIII the most and tried to make Fr an absolute monarchy. buillt royal power by not relying on nobles and used middle class officers
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louis XIII
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Fr king who succeeded henry IV when he was 9; his reign was dominated by the influence by his mom and regen marie de medici, cardinal richeleui, and nobles
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edict of nantes
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published by king henry VI (former henry of navarre) is 1598. granted the hugenots liberty of conscience public worhip in 150 fortified towns in Fr. the reign of henry VI and teh edict of nantes prepared the for Fr absolutism ,,"where hugenots makes a majority they have specual political, religious, military rights. MADE IT A STATE W/IN A STATE very unpopular in Fr among catholics. revoked by luois XIV in 1685 leading to mass immigration of Fr hugenots
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