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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Copernicus
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Tentatively proposed in the 16th century that the sun might be the center of circular planetary motion
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Brahe
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performed extensive observations attempting to support the geocentric model
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Galileo
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first to study astronomy through a telescope in 1609. Advocate for heliocentric universe and popularized the idea that the universe is rational and subject to the laws of mathematics
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Newton
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ombined mathematical modeling and scientific observation to derive his famous laws of motion and theory of universal gravitation
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Scientists of the 17th century
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natural philosophers
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Galileo's mathematical modeling of the physical world translated into...
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a mechanistic worldview that was widespread among philosophers
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Bacon
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creator of empiricism, developed scientific method
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Descartes
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"cogito ergo sum," might as well believe in God
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Hobbes
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"social contract"
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Through the Reformation, most intellectuals had believed that their task was to recover and elaborate on knowledge from the Classical/Biblical period. The expansion of natural knowledge changed universities and existing centers of learning, and led to the creation of new "institutions of sharing."
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Scientific societies encouraged new kinds of social mingling, and the cross-fertilization of ideas.
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European universities had offered little room for scholarship by women; the institutions of science soon turned out to be even more exclusionary. Not only were women prevented from becoming members of scientific societies and discouraged from practicing science on their own, but also women became objects of study and description – under the assumption that they were inferior beings!
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Two categories of women were occasionally able to work around these constraints, noblewomen and female artisans. Women did write important scientific works and popularizations
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The new science challenged religion in three ways:
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some scientific observations contradicted biblical descriptions (e.g., of the heavens); it was unclear who should resolve any potential conflicts between science and religion, natural philosophers or church authorities; and the new philosophy's materialism seemed to some to preclude spirituality.
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Most natural philosophers worked hard to reconcile their work with religious views, and they were generally successful.
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Galileo's condemnation by the church, however, was a dramatic – and long-remembered! – exception to the general rule of accommodation between the science and religion.
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most Europeans believed in some form of magic and in the power of demons. "Magic," in the form of transubstantiation, was indeed at the heart of Christian ritual. Though these beliefs had been present for centuries, witch-hunts and panics soared in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Most of the victims were women.
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Possible explanations for this phenomenon include misogyny, the impact of wars and upheaval, spiritual insecurity in the aftermath of the Reformation, women's roles as midwives (in which they were intimately involved in life-and-death situations), and villagers' sublimated hostility towards urban leaders. There are also a variety of possible explanations for why witch-hunts petered out in the 17th century.
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