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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was the need for greater integration in Europe? |
The situation in Europe was dire after World War Two. |
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What was the need for regional cooperation? |
Many people began to see the idea of the nation state as a failure post World War Two. They saw the nation state as something that promoted its own self-interests thus endangering peace as opposed to promoting it. |
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When was the European Economic Community (EEC) formed? |
6th May 1950 |
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What was the result of regional cooperation? |
It did not signify the end of the nation state, instead many took the view that it actually saved the nation state. |
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Who argued that regional cooperation saved the nation state? |
Milward |
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What did Milward say about the EEC and greater European Integration? |
“A part of that post-war rescue of the European State, because the new political consensus on which this rescue was built required the process of integration and the surrender of limited areas of national sovereignty to the supranational” |
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Was the idea of regional cooperation unique? |
No, there were many international organisations created to coordinate the reconstruction and growth of the nation state post World War Two |
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What are some examples of international organisations created other than the EEC |
Committee of European Economic Cooperation 1947 (CEEC)
Organisation of European Economic Cooperation 1948 (OEEC) |
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What was the goal of the CEEC |
Coordinate all the requests of the countries seeking financial aid from the US under the Marshall Plan |
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How long did the Marshall Plan last? |
From June 1947 to 1952 |
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How did the CEEC work? |
It was solely to facilitate cooperation and did not affect the sovereignty of the participant nation states. |
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Who were the members of the CEEC? |
Neutral WW2 countries -Ireland -Switzerland -Sweden Other Countries -Austria -Britain -France -Belgium -The Netherlands -Luxembourg -Italy -Portugal -Greece -Turkey -Denmark -Norway -Iceland Eastern European countries were invited to join but the Soviet Union declined and were followed by the Czech Republic. |
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What was the goal of the OEEC? |
Designed to distribute the aid coming from the Marshall Plan and supervise a program of trade liberalisation |
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How was the OEEC organised? |
Like the CEEC it did not affect the sovereignty of participating member states It simply required each member state to sign an individual letter of intent and a bilateral agreement containing various reciprocal obligations |
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Who was the OEEC especially important for and why? |
West Germany because it was the only organisation that, at the time, treated them as an equal member state |
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When was the European Coal and Steel Community formed? |
April 1951 |
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How was the ECSC formed? |
The signing of the Treaty of Paris |
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What was the basis for the ECSC? |
The Truman declaration of May 1950 which called upon Western European countries to place the production of coal and steel under a higher, supranational authority. Jean Monnet also had the idea of a “United States if Europe” which spawned the ECSC and was based on the idea of US Federalism |
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Who joined the ECSC? |
Germany, Italy, France and the Benelux countries (Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg)
It was opposed by Britain, Portugal and the Scandinavian countries |
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When we’re Britain asked to join the ECSC? |
1950 and 1953 but they declined on both occasions |
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Was the ECSC successful? |
The ECSC had limited success as it was seen to address a non-problem given that the importance/conflict of coal and steel in Europe had been reduced by cheaper coal imports from the US and Middle East. The ECSC did however bring about important transformations in political relationships and models of economic organisation -continued the rehabilitation of west Germany into European affairs -established the idea of a common market and acted as a precursor to the EEC |
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How was the EEC different from the CEEC and the OEEC? |
It was a more ambitious form of regional organisation that deepened the political ties between participating member states |
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What did mutual non-annoyance NOT require? |
Any harmonisation of standards and policies |
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Was EFTA successful? |
Yes it was viewed as a competitor to the EEC but by 1963 cooperation within EFTA had started to crumble |
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Who had applied to join the EEC by 1963? |
Britain Denmark Ireland |
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Why did the EEC become attractive to countries that initially shunned it? |
- internationalisation is unavoidable evolution of a capitalist market system -birth of the transnational corporation that has limited identification with any single country and will therefore require rules that span multiple nation states |
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In what way was the EEC a more ambitious organisation than the CEEC and OEEC? |
Creation of common market Customs duty with a range of sectors including agriculture, goods, services, transport and capital |
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What were the aims of the EEC? |
They were almost purely economic and it listed only two social policy aims -creation of a European social fund -social development overseas |
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Who joined the EEC? |
Benelux had no issue as they had already formed a customs union 10 years earlier France initially feared it would flood their country with foreign imports but it eventually agreed if it met its preferences in agricultural policy of high import duties and high export subsidies Germany agreed as it gave them a larger market for its thriving economy |
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How was the EEC received then? |
The EEC common market envisaged in the 1957 Treaty of Rome was more controversial |
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What was the response of those who opposed the EEC? |
In 1960 they created a rival organisation in the form of the European Free Trade Association |
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What was Britain’s issue with the EEC? |
Wanted a focus on manufactured goods only and did not want a common agricultural policy |
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Who joined EFTA? |
In 1960 seven OEEC countries joined -UK -Austria -Denmark -Norway -Portugal -Sweden -Switzerland |
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What created EFTA and how was it organised? |
Convention of Stockholm It created a separate community for free trade in manufactured goods alone that focussed on the removal of tariffs quotas and export duties |
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How can the policies of EFTA be described? |
“Mutual non-annoyance” |
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What does 'mutual non-annoyance' NOT mean? |
It does not remove the national frontier, nor require any harmonisation of standards and policies. |
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How successful was EFTA? |
EFTA was successful as a competitor to the EEC however by 1963 the competition was crumbling. Britain, Ireland and Denmark had all applied to join the EEC |
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Why did the EEC become attractive to countries that previously shunned it? |
Internationalisation is an unavoidable consequence of a capitalist market system The emergence of transnational companies with no close ties to any one nation require rules that span across nation states |
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In what sections of years did the member states join the EEC/EU |
Treaty of Rome 1957 1973 1981 1986 1994 2004 2007 2013 |
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Who were the initial members of the EEC upon the Treaty of Rome in 1957? |
France Germany Italy Belgium The Netherlands Luxembourg |
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Who joined the EEC in 1973? |
Britain Ireland Denmark |
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Who joined the EEC in 1981 |
Greece after the collapse of its dictatorship in 1974 |
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Who joined the EEC in 1986 |
Spain after the death of Franco in 1975
Portugal after the revolution of 1974 |
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Who joined the EU in 1994? |
Finland Austria Sweden |
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Who joined the EU in 2004? |
Cyprus Malta Czech Republic (communism) Hungary (communism)(barbed wire boarder between it and Austria dismantled in 1989) Estonia (communism) Latvia (communism) Lithuania (communism) Poland (communism) Slovakia (communism) Slovenia (communism) |
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Who joined the EU in 2007? |
Romania Bulgaria |
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Who joined the EU in 2013? |
Croatia |
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When did the EEC become the EU |
Upon the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 |
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How did the collapse of EFTA come about? |
It was primarily due to main members of EFTA trying to leave to the EEC by 1963. For Britain this was because their influence in world affairs was declining in the 1960's. In addition to this US support for the EEC signalled a weakening of the special relationship |
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On what occasions did the UK apply to the EEC? |
1961 - Rejected by De Gaulle of France 1967 - Rejected by De Gaulle of France 1969 Hague summit it was agreed to commence accession talks with the four applicant countries and of the four, only Norway did not end up joining in 1973 |
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Why did Norway not end up joining in 1973? |
They strongly opposed the agriculture and fisheries policies |
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Which other countries from EFTA followed Britain to the EEC? |
Portugal - 1986 Austria, Finland and Sweden - 1994 Norway declined to join again in 1992 Switzerland declined to join over fears over neutrality |
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Why do Iceland and Sweden still benefit from the perks of EU membership? |
They are members of the European Economic Area (EEA) and so have access to the single market. |
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What are the different levels of integration available? |
Free trade area Customs union Common market Economic Union Political union |
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What is the difference between the different levels of integration |
The difference between a free trade area and a customs union is that both require elimination of tariffs between members of the bloc whilst a customs union requires a common tariff for non-members. A common market is more extensive than a customs union in that it allows for the free movement of all of the factors of production within the bloc. This is further increased by an economic union which requires member states to have a common monetary and fiscal policy. Finally a political union contains the strongest integration as it requires members to have political unification under one government who makes decisions |
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What different organisations exist within Europe that highlight different levels of integration? |
The Council of Europe European Union Eurozone Schengen Area European Free Trade Association European Economic Area EU Customs Union |
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What is the Council of Europe? |
Much older organisation than the EU formed in 1949. It is an intergovernmental organisation and member states retain full autonomy. It has 47 member states |
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What is the EU? |
Formed in 1993 by the Maastricht Treaty and has 28 (soon to be 27) member states. Intergovernmental organisation but also has elements of a supranational organisation because it contains institutions that can make binding decisions on member countries The aims of the EU now include much more social and human rights aims than it did when it was created where it’s aims were predominantly economic |
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What is the Eurozone? |
This is a monetary (economic) union containing 19 of the 28 EU member states. Pushed towards stronger monetary integration after the 2008 financial crisis |
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What is the Schengen Area? |
Agreement within the European Union to offer free travel across member states. Contains 22 of the 28 EU member states and 4 others. Of those EU member states not in the Schengen Area, four, Croatia, Bulgaria, Romania and Cyprus, are legally obliged to join and UK and Ireland remain opt-outs. The four non-eu members are EFTA members, Iceland, Norway, Liechtenstein and Switzerland Vatican City, Monaco and San Marino are not official members of the Schengen Area but have open boarders with it. |
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What is the European Free Trade Association? |
Established by the UK in 1960 to compete with the EEC because they did not want to be a part of what they saw as too deep a level of integration. Currently contains four of its original seven members: Iceland Switzerland Norway Liechtenstein |
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What is the European Economic Area? |
Established through an agreement between the EU and EFTA in 1994 to create a single (common market) therefore allows free movement of the factors of production. It does not include Switzerland. It mirrors the goals of the EU. |
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What is the EU Customs Union? |
Covers all of the EU member states as well as Monaco, Turkey, San Marino and Andorra. It also contains various dependencies of the UK |
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What are the main EU constitutional texts |
Treaty of Rome 1957 Treaty of Maastricht 1992 EU Charter of Fundamental Rights 2000 |
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What is the Treaty of Rome 1957 now known as? |
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) |
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What is the Treaty of Maastricht now known as? |
Treaty on the European Union (TEU) |
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What are the amendments to the EU Constitutional Treaties? |
The Single European Act 1986 The Treaty of Amsterdam 1997 The Treaty of Nice 2000 The Laeken Declaration 2001 The Treaty of Lisbon 2009 |
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What was the Single European Act |
It was the first major amendment to the Treaty of Rome and took place in 1986. It was based upon industry, in particular multinational corporations who desired a removal of trade barriers. The Common Market was renamed the Single Market. Among its other major proposals were the introduction of the cooperation procedure (now removed by Lisbon Treaty 2009) which was the first real step towards giving the European Parliament power. In addition to this the Single European Act extended QMV to other areas. |
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Was the Single European Act successful? |
It was described as 'harmonisation in a hurry', the haste in Brussels was not reflected in the member states as national regulators remained focussed on protecting their own markets and citizens. From 1992-1994 which was the time that the single market was due to be complete the member states passed just 430 proposed regulations despite 1136 being passed in the same period |
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Who were the clear beneficiaries of the Single European Act? |
The companies of Europe and not the citizens of Europe |
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What was the Treaty of Maastricht |
This treaty, signed in 1992 established the EU and the three pillar system. It is now known as the Treaty on the European Union (TEU). Where the Single European Act 1986 was for businesses the Treaty of Maastricht 1992 was for the citizens of Europe. |
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What was a big step for social policy taken around the time of the Maastricht Treaty 1992 |
The Social Charter, announced in 1988 and adopted by all member states except Britain in 1989 It had no legal force but nonetheless was an important political statement. |
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What were the major innovations launched by the Treaty of Maastricht 1992? |
Timetable laid out for the creation of the single European currency Three pillar system Creation of EU citizenship Also tried to increase the democratic legitimacy of the European Parliament |
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How did the Treaty of Maastricht 1992 try to increase the democratic legitimacy of the European Parliament? |
Oversight in areas similar to that held by a traditional legislative body, but not the same powers In relation to the Community budget, it was given a final say on non- compulsory expenditure; control of compulsory expenditure remained with the Council of Ministers The EP also received more legislative powers: under the co-decision procedure, it worked on a more equal basis with the Commission and Council, although it still could not initiate or block measures Its powers to scrutinise the other institutions were also enhanced in two ways - First, under Article 263 TFEU, it became a semi-privileged actor with standing before the Court to request annulment of Council and Commission acts which threatened its powers -Second, Article 228 TFEU created an Ombudsman, through which the Parliament could investigate citizen’s complaints of maladministration by the Commission. |
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What are the three pillars of the EU? |
Pillar One housed the renamed ‘European Community’ – the original Community institutions and competences laid out in the Treaty of RomePillar Two became the home of the new Common and Foreign Security Policy (CFSP) All issues relating to Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) were placed in Pillar Three |
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Who rejected the Maastricht Treaty 1992 and why? |
The Danish citing concerns over neutrality and sovereignty |
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When and why did the Danish agree to the Maastricht Treaty 1992? |
The Danish agreed to the Maastricht Treaty in 2002 after receiving assurances that their national identity would be protected |
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What was the Treaty of Amsterdam 1997? |
Signed in 1997 the Treaty of Amsterdam amended the Treaty of Maastricht 1992 (TEU). |
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What did the Treaty of Amsterdam suggest about the changing nature of the EU? |
The Annexation of the Schengen Agreement to the Treaty via a Protocol, and the opt-out of Schengen by Denmark, Britain and Ireland further suggested that the ‘multi-speed’ EU envisaged by Dahrendorf in 1972 was coming into being. |
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Was the Treaty of Amsterdam succesful? |
The Amsterdam Treaty was therefore both a success and a failure – there was no ‘qualitative leap towards a more democratic system of EU governance’ but it could be argued that there was creep towards more legitimacy via a subtle shift in the balance of institutional power between the EP and the Commission. A further attempt was made to address the pressing institutional issues in 2000. The result was the Treaty of Nice. |
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What was the Treaty of Nice ? |
This agreement, signed in 2001, intended to deal with the problem of expansion, specifically eastward expansion. This was intended to be dealt with by the Treaty of Amsterdam 1997 but it failed to fully address the problem. |
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What were the main contentious proposals of the Treaty of Nice? |
Reducing the size of the Commission which meant that once membership surpassed 27 there would be less commissioners than member states therefore some member states would not have a commissioner Reforms to QMV in the Council of Ministers which meant that a qualified majority would consist of two parts: a specific number of votes and approval by a majority of member states representing at least 62 per cent of the total EU population |
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Was the Treaty of Nice 2000 successful? |
Many believed that it provided a suboptimal solution to the issue of the expansion of the EU. In addition to this it was said that the Treaty of Nice failed to deal with what was a growing problem with the democratic deficit within the EU. |
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Who rejected the Treaty of Nice and why? |
Ireland rejected the Treaty of Nice 2000 citing a number of reasons including the democratic deficit and worries that the EU was becoming a two-tier organisation, in part because of the new arrangements regarding QMV in the Council |
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When and why did Ireland eventually accept the Treaty of Nice? |
Ireland accepted the Treaty of Nice 2000 in a second ballot in 2002 as measures were taken to address their concerns: -Irish government established a 'National Forum on Europe' -Structure of more rigorous parliamentary scrutiny of Europe created -Seville Declaration on Irish neutrality was agreed that put a triple lock on EU military activities |
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How was the Treaty of Nice 2000 overhadowed? |
The disappointment among the member states created the context for a major project – the creation of a Convention and the Constitutional Treaty for Europe. A ‘post-Nice’ process was set in motion by Declaration 23 Annexed to the Nice Treaty to foster a ‘deeper and wider debate about the future of the European Union’ and to bring integration ‘closer to the citizens’. |
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How did the desire for a Constitutional Treaty for Europe come about? |
Due to the disappointment among the member states after the Treaty of Nice 2000 |
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When was the Laeken declaration? |
2001 |
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What did the Laeken declaration aim to do? |
Restore confidence in European integration It put it that although the EU was successful it still faced two big challenges: -disengagement with European citizens -need to find its placed in post-cold war Europe |
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What were the main themes covered in the Laeken Declaration? |
Division and definition of powers Simplification of treaties Institutional set-up Move towards a constitution for European citizens |
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When was the first meeting of the Laeken convention? |
March 2002 |
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What was known about the way in which the Laeken convention operated? |
Sought to be representitive
Sought to be a forum for popular debate involving all citizens
This was remarkably more open in contrast to conventional intergovernmental conferences |
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Was the Laeken convention successful in its aim of promoting citizen engagement |
Only those who knew about the convention and had time to do so, could engage with it and this was an even bigger issue as it failed to attract media attention. Internally there were also issues as people did not have time to engage properly and often things were passed without detailed discussion |
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What texts did the Laeken Convention produce? |
European Youth Convention 2002 Draft Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe 2003 |
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Who dominated the Laeken convention? |
Giscard D'Estaing |
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What did the European Constitution aim to do? |
Give legal force to the Charter of Fundamental Rights
Expand QMV Replace the current EU constitutional treaties |
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Was the Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe successful? |
It required ratification by all 25 member states but it only received ratification by 18. France and the Netherlands rejected it. This ended the ratification process and the Treaty never came to fruition |
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Why did the Netherlands reject the Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe? |
Lack of information Fears of loss of national sovereignty Political opposition Considerations of the expense of Europe |
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Why did France reject the Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe? |
Concern for employment and enterprise Worries about the national economy Concerns over the text being too liberal Political opposition Welfare issues |
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What happened after the Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe was abandoned? |
It was brought into question to what extent a full-scale institutional and constitutional reform was actually needed |
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What were the arguments for a full-scale reform and who gave them? |
Shaw: -Institutions were designed for the initial 6 member states and were now close to collapsing -reform was needed to restore 'citizens faith' in the EU - it seems irrational to toss away such hard-won agreements and compromises and . . . it seems conversely rational to relocate those compromises into a legal instrument which does not attract such controversy, and to try to recapture that spirit of compromise’ |
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What were the arguments against a full-scale reform and who gave them? |
Shaw: -EU reform was an unnecessary distraction and it was not clear that reform would address the problems -the French and Dutch polls demonstrated that further developments to democratise the EU were clearly unpopular -governments and citizens alike were now sensitive to the ‘constitutional pretensions’ of the Constitutional Treaty and would reject any attempt to replicate it |
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When was a reform treaty finally agreed and what was it? |
The Lisbon Treaty was finally agreed in 2007 and came into force in 2009 |
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What did the Lisbon Treaty do? |
Removed the pillar system of the EU Amended the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Treaty of Maastricht 1992 (TEU) - it renamed the Treaty of Rome 1957 the TFEU |
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What did the TFEU do? |
The TFEU now organises the functioning of the Union and sets out ‘the areas of, delimitations of and arrangements for exercising its competences |
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How did the Treaty of Lisbon change from what was drafted in the Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe? |
It adopted many of the provisions of the Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe but dropped the 'constitutional' symbolism |
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Who rejected the Lisbon Treaty? |
As Shaw noted, despite the dropping of the 'constitutional' symbolism, voters were vigilant and the Irish rejected it. |
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Why did the Irish reject the Lisbon Treaty? |
Factors such as lack of clarity were present but most at issue was the 'distrust of their politicians' |
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How did Ireland try to secure a 'yes' for the Lisbon Treaty? |
The Irish Foreign Ministry set out to clarify it, issuing a document to set out out the scope of the Treaty and the proposed changes |
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When and why did the Irish eventually agree to the Lisbon Treaty? |
Despite the fact that clarity was improved one of the main reasons why the Irish agreed to the Lisbon Treaty in October 2009 was the deepening economic crisis in Europe which hit them particularly hard. |
