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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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These are characteristics associated with SI diarrhea
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increase frequency
fluidy increased folume of feces |
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What is the function of the SI?
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nutrition digestion
immunologic organ |
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What are the layers of the SI?
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serosa
muscularis submucosa mucosa |
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This layer of the SI contails the mucosal immunity systen that is covered by enterocytes and goblet cells
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lamina propria (forms the core of each villus)
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These SI cells produce undifferentiated epithelia cells. These will eventually differentiate in 3 days
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crypt cells
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This nutrient is the energy source for enterocytes and is derived from food
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glutamine
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Absorption of these two things may help to determine the site and nature of intestinal disease
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folic acid & Vit B 12
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Flolic acid is absorbed in this part of the SI
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proximal SI
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Cobalamin (B12) is absorbed in this part of the SI
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illeum
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These cells are the pacemakers of the SI (controlling contractions)
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Interstitial cells of Cajal
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What are the 3 phases of parasaltic contractions of the SI?
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quiesceint phase
minor contractile migrating myoelectric complex |
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These bacteria will exclude pathogens and stimulate mucosal immunity
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stable enteric flora
>200 species present |
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Long term metronidazole may pre-dispose to this condition in the SI
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carcinogenesis
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B lymphocyes are found in ______ in the lamina propria in the intestinal cryps where they secete ___
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Peyers patches
IgA |
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IgA secretion in Peyers patches in the SI do this to help maintane tollerance in the intestinal tract
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IgA binds to the antigen to hlep maintane tollerance.
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What is the "Danger Theroy" of the SI?
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When the mucosa is invaded by pathogen it releases "danger signals" and changes tollerance to active immune responce.
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Malabsorption has unabsorbed solutes which casxes increase osmollality and distention which results in
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hypermotility
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How dose hyperthyroidism cause diarrhea?
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decreases transit time
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Most diarrhea is associated with this motility disorder
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hypomotility
stasis allows for bacteria fermenation |
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Clinical signs (noted by client) for SI disease
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increased frequency
increased volume melena |
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What on a CBC would you expect for bleeding in the GI?
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microcytosis
hypochromia +/- thrombocytosis (Iron deficiency secondary to blood loss) +/- Increased BUN:Creat secondary to bacterial digestion of blood. |
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What other things should be R/O for melena besides SI bleed
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R/O bleeding disorders
ingestion of blood (oral mass/NSAID) R/O Addison's |
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What type of BUN:Creatinine ratio would you expect for SI diarrhea
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increased
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Once other diseases for cause of GI bleed have been R/O, what diagnostics can be usedfor SI disease?
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ultrasound - masses and thickening
endoscopy |
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What other things should be R/O for melena besides SI bleed
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R/O bleeding disorders
ingestion of blood (oral mass/NSAID) R/O Addison's |
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What causes borborygmi
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Abd rumblind due to gas traveling through GI tract.
Swallowed air and fermentation of ingesta MC cause of borborygmi and flatulence |
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Once other diseases for cause of GI bleed have been R/O, what diagnostics can be usedfor SI disease?
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ultrasound - masses and thickening
endoscopy |
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What causes borborygmi
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Abd rumblind due to gas traveling through GI tract.
Swallowed air and fermentation of ingesta MC cause of borborygmi and flatulence |
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How do you TX borborygmi?
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feed diet that is highly digestible with low fiber
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What is the MC cause of PLE in cats?
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LSA
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If an animal has chonic diarrhea with PLE, what diagnostic is generally needed for diagnosis?
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intestinal biopsy
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For PLE, what tests on a chemisty should be low? CBC?
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albumin
globulins cholesterol lymphopenia |
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For PLE, what do you expect on thoracic rads?
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Usually not helpful
R/O Mets, pleural effusion, or histoplasmosis |
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Besides bloodwork and radiographs, what diagnostic tests can be done to diagnose PLE?
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U/S
SX biopsy or endoscopy |
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When should diagnostics be performed for SI disease? (3)
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hemorrhagic
systemic signs unresponsive to TX |
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List of general diagnostic approach to SI disease (11):
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fecal
occult blood test alpha 1 protease inhibitor survey rads U/S R/O EPI (TLI test) U/S serum folate adn cobalamin concentration Endoscpy SX |
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For SI disease, what would you be looking for with a the feces?
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- direct smear - Clostridium but really need + fecal
- enterotoxin assay - fecal culture - but can get + on normal samples. - culture for fungi |
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What diagnostics need to be done for viral diarrhea
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tends to be self limiting and no diagnostics needed.
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What would an occult blood test tell you?
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detect intestinal bleeding before melena.
Will have rxn with dietary meat though |
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What dose an alpha-1 portease inhibitor test tell you?
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helps diagnose PLE. Helps with early diagnosis
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Before SX is performed for PLE, what other disease should be R/O?
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EPI
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serum folate and cobalimin concernation are ___ with SI dammage
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decreased
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TX for Acutre SI disease:
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- fluids
- with hold food for 24-48 hrs - bland diet 3-5 days - pepto bismal and kaolin pectin - AB - only with protozoal, high WBC, or blood in feces - Probiotics - Motility agens; loperamide and diphenoxylate |
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How do pepto bismal and kaolin-pectin work for SI diarrhea?
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bind bacteria/toxins and protect mucosa
no longer than 3 days |
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What antibiotcs are recommended for SI
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- ampicillin or cephalsporin
- metronidazoke, clindamycin, fluoroquinolone, or aminoglycosides if there is systemic px. |
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How do Probiotics help SI diarrhea?
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antagonist against pathogenic bacteria
modulate mucosal immunity |
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Common etiologies of acutere SI diarrhea?
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dietary change
dietary indescretion dietary intollerance food hypersensitivity food posioning Exact cause is rarely identified |
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What is hemorrhagic gastroenteritis? cause?
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syndrome of acture hemorrhagic diarrhea with marked hemoconcentration
- unknown |
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C/S of HGE?
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vomiting
depression AB discomfort +/- hypovolemic shock |
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DX of HGE?
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PCV >60%
generally presumptive |
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TX of HGE?
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IV fluids
+/- plasam if hypoprotemic AB |
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Prognosis of HGE?
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good, but more guarded if low protein or sepsis
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What are come causes of parasitic/infectious causes of SI disease in young/immunocompromised animals
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parvovirus
giardia Tritrichomonas Salmonella Campylobactor |
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What year and how did canine Parvo virus come to be?
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1970s
mutation of feline panleukopenia and mink enteritis |
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This canine parvovirus strain is extinct but this one has mutated
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CPV-2
CPV-2a and 2b |
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How dose canine parvovirus sperad?
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fecal/oral
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How long is caninne parvovirus spread?
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10 days
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How long is canine parvovirus stable in the enviroment?
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months
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Clinical signs occurs ___ days after infection for canine parvovirus.
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4-7 days
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What two C/S are terminal events for canine parvovirus?
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DIC
hypothermia |
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What breeds are more susptible to canine parvovirus
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Rots
Dob Eng springer Am Pit Bull |
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Why do dogs become leukopenic with parvo?
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BM is affected along with concurrent neutrophillic loss in GI tract.
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After infection, how many days is the fecal Parvo Elisa most sensitive
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The first 10-12 days
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TX for canine parvovirus?
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IV fluids + KCL+ 2.5% dextrose
plasma - hypoprotenemia blood - anemic AB |
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What are complications of severe parvovirus infection?
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hypoglycemia
hypoprotenemia anemia intussusception concomitant infections |
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This is a highly contageous infection of cats and cuases severe diarrhea and death
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feline parvoviurs
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What is the mortality rate for feline parvovirus
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50-90%
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How do cats get cerebellar hypoplasia secondary to feline parvovirus?
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in utero from pregnant queens
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What C/S do dogs have with coronavirus?
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diarrhea of variable severity
most are proably subclinical |
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What is the incubation for canine cornavirus?
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1-4 days adn shed intermittenatly for life.
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This GI virus is ubiquitous in the enviroment, causes mild-severe diarrhea, +/- weight loss in kittens.
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Feline corona virus
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This disease can cause diarrhea, vommiting, palpable mass in colon or ileocecal junction in cats
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FIP
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10-20% of cats with this retrovirus have chronic diarrhea, anorexia, and emaciacation
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FIV
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This retrovirus can have fatal peracute enterocolitits and lymphocytic ileitis
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FeLV
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List the causes of bacterial enterititis (4)
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Campylobacter jejuni
Salmonella Clostridium E.coli |
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This bacterial enteritis is generally young animals with watery, mucoid,, or hemorrhagic diarrhea
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campylobacter
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This bacterial enteritis has seagull shaped bacteria.
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campylobacter
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Camplyobacter
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How is Campylobacter diagnosed?
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seagull shaped bacteria on stained slide
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TX for Campylobactor
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erythromycin or fluroquinolones
efficacy has not been evaluated |
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What can be a problem with TX of Camplybactor?
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Good prognosis but persistent colonization may occur
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This bacterial enteritis causes significant disease in immunocompramised or young animals; however, it is found in healthy animals
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Salmonella
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What % of BARF diets have been reported to have Salmonella?
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20%
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What are the four possible senarios of Salmonella enteritis? (C/S)
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1) transient asymptomatic infection
2) acutre gastroenteritis 3) carrier state 4) bacteremia |
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In cats, this causes vague signs - pyrexia, leukocytosis, and aseasonal acutre febrile illness with diarrhea.
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song bird fever
Salmonella |
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TX for Salmonella
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Do not do antibiotics unless sick due to resistance.
Fluoroquinolones x10d |
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This bacteria that can cause gastroentitis is a part of the normal flora and a causative relationship still has to be demonstrated
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Clostridium
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What rickettsial disease can case diarhrea?
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Neorickettsia helminthoeca
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Neoricketssia helminthoeca is found in this part of the country
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Northern CA to Washington
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This cause of diarrhea also causes high fever, diarrhea, and high mortality in untreated patients
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Neorickettsia helminthoeca
Salmon poisioning |
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What must be ingested for dogs to come down with Neorickettsia helminthoeca?
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fluke - Nanophyetus salmonicola
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What type of algae can cause gastroenteritis?
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blue green algae blooms
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C/S of algae blooms?
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V/D
ataxia rapid death |
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Pythium is MC found in this part of the US
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Gulf of Mexico
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C/S of this disease occurs in young large breed dogs <3 years old
- thickened bowel to obstruction |
Pythium
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DX of Pythium
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emaciation with abd masses
biopsy with hyphae |
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Prognosis for pythium
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grave <5% survive 3m post DX
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TX for phythium?
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Sx removal
ketoconazole itraconazole |
