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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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At what % inspired levels can oxygen toxicity occur?
If PaO2 cannot be maintained? |
50% for 24 hours or 100% for 12 hours
If PaO2 cannot be maintained, then ventilation is needed |
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What are the major mechanisms (4) for pulmonary edema |
increased hydrostatic pressure decreased plasma oncotic pressure increased vascular permability impaired lymphatic dammage |
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What is the most common cause of pulmonary increased hydrostatic pressure |
L sided CHF |
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Pulmonary edema due to decreased oncotic pressure is due to |
hypoalbuminemia < 1 g/dL |
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Another pathological process is more common with hypoalbuminemia than pulmonary edema |
pleural effusion |
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PE findings with pulomary edema (4) |
increased effort to breath (both insp/exp) crackes on inspiration quiet lung sounds with severe edema (cats) if CHF, should be tachypnic |
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Pulmonary edema due to increased vascular permeability is most severe in the ___ lung lobes |
caudodorsal |
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What are some examples on non-cardiogenic edema (causes) |
electrocution sepsis pancreatitis |
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Where is pulmonary edema secondary to decreased plasma oncotic pressure seen on a radiograph? |
generalized interstitial or miexted interstitial pattern |
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TX for pulmonary edema |
O2 sedatives (morphine (dogs) ace (dogs/cats) furosemide 2-4 mg/kg IV q 4-12 hr +/- bronchodilators |
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Prognosis for pulmonary edema.
How long after starting TX should rads be repeated? |
variable repeat rads q 24-48 hours |
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What primary pulmonary neoplasia occur in dogs and cats |
MC - carcinoma that arise from the bronchial or alveolar epithelium SCC OSA mesenchymal tumors |
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Metastatic disease can also cause lameness in animals with extensive peirosteal proliferation which is called |
hypertrophic osteopathy |
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TX for primary pulmonary neoplasia |
SX resection |
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What neoplasias have a high prediliction to met to the lungs |
K9 OSA K9/Fe Mammary carcinomas K9 Oral and nail bed melanomas |
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What other diseases should be considered besides a pulmonary neoplsic lesion (4) |
fungal bacteral mycobacterial hypersensitivity (eosinophilic granuloma) |
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What is lymphomatoid granulomatosis |
Possibly a low grade lymphoma infilatration of pulmonary blood vessels with lymphoid and psasmacytoid cells |
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DX of lymphomatoid granulomatosis |
SX biopsy |
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TX for lymphomatoid granulomatosis |
chemotherapy for LSA |
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Prognosis for lymphomatoid granulomatosis |
guarded |
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What other breeds of dog has malignant histiocytosis |
goldens rottweilers |
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How do Bermease mt. acquire malignant histocytosis? |
inherited |
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Besides pulomonary lesions, where else dose malignant histiocytosis affect? |
LN enlargment pleural effusion visceral orgnas brain spinal cord |
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prognosis for malignant histiocytosis |
poor |
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What diseses should be investigated for animals with recurrent single lung lobe pneumonia |
endobronchial FB airway masses
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Besides culture from TTW, what other bacterial should be evaluated for with pneumonia |
Mycoplasma |
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What organisms are commonly found in the respiratory tract of dogs (7) |
E.coli Pasturella multocida Klebsiella Bordetella bronchiseptica Staphlococcus Streptococcus Mycoplasma |
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What organisms are commonly found in the respiratory tract of cats (7) |
Pasturella multocida Klebsiella Proteus spp Bordetella E.c oli Streptococci Mycoplasma |
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What are good emperic AB choices for bacterial pnuemonia |
ampicillin - G+ aerobes cefazolin - G+ aerobes gentamicin - G- aerobes amikacin- G- aerobes enrofloxacin G- aerobes doxycyline - Mycoplasma/Bordetella Metronidazole - anaerobes |
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How long after TX is started for pneumonia should a diagnosis be reconsidered if the patient is not responding to ABs |
24-48 hrs |
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What are good emperic combinations of AB for pnumonia |
beta lactam or cephalosporin and aminoglycoside or fluroquinolone |
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How long should a patient be TX for pnumonia with ABs? |
1 week past clinical and radiographic resolution |
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What are 3 zoonotic bacterial respiratory pathogens |
mycobacteria yersinia pestis Franciella tularensis |
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What are K9 viral diseases that can cause pulmonary disease |
distemper canine adenovirus parainfluenza - rare - not as sole pathogen |
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What are Feline viral diseases that can cause pumonary disease? |
calicivuris - MC with URI FIP FIV/FeLV - oppertunistic |
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What tick born diseases causes a vasculitis and although uncommon presentation, can present with respiratory signs |
Ehrlichia and Rickettsia rickettsii (RMSF) |
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This protozoal disease in cats is a common cause of pulmonary disease |
toxoplasam gondii |
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How is Toxoplasmosis diagnosed? |
- supported by serologic results - increased IgM or IgG - finding T. gondii tachyzoites in BAR - FNA of lung lesions |
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What systemic fungal infection are also resporatory pathogens (4) |
Blastomyces dermatitidis Histoplasma capsulatum Coccidiodes immitis Cryptococcus neoformans |
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What fungal diseases are most common in dogs and cats to present with respiratory signs |
K9- blastomycosis Fel - histoplasmosis |
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Which fungal disease is less likely to have parenchymeal diseases |
cryptococcal |
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How are parenchymal disease diagnosed? |
- demonstration of the organism in tissue - Cryptococcosis with serology |
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TX of systemic fungal diseases |
azole category amphotericin B
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This is a fungal organism that can be found in the alveoli of normal aniamls but can cause clinical pulmonary disease in animals with immune system dysfunction |
Pneumocytis carinii |
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This is the lung fluke of dogs and cats |
paragonimus kellicotti |
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What region of the country do dogs and cats get exposed to the Paragonimus kellicotti (lung fluke) |
southern midwestern Great Lakes |
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How do animals become infected with paragonimus kellicotti (lung fluke) |
ingestion of a freshwater snail or crayfish (intermediate host) |
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On radiographs what should raise suspicion of paragonimus kellicotti? |
cystic or bullous lesions +/- pneumonthorax |
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How is paragonimus kellicotti diagnosed |
fecal sedimentation technique - ova tracheal wash or BAL - ova |
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TX for paragonimus kellicotti (lung fluke) |
praziquantel x3 days fenvbendazole BID x14 days |
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These are pulmonary parasites of dogs and cats that most animals are asymptomatic but can present with cough. |
Capillaria aerophila |
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How is capillaria aerophila DX? How is capillaria aerophila treated? |
ova in respiratory wash or float fenbendazole BID x14 d |
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What dose the egg of capilaria aerophilia look like? |
Similar to trichuris vulpis, but smaller |
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What pulmonary parenchymal parasite have cats as the principle host |
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus cat lungworm |
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What are the intermediate hosts of aelurostrongylus abstrusus |
snal or slug cat lungworm |
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How is aelurostrongylus abstrusus DX |
Baermann technique - larve BAL - larve feline lungworm |
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TX of aelurostrongylus abstrusus |
fenbendazole SID x 14 d feline lungworm |
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This is a lungworm that infects domestic and wild canids |
crenosoma vulpis |
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This is the heartworm of Frace |
Angiostrongylus vasorum |
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Eosinophillic infiltrative pulmonry disease is belived to be a hypersensitivity to |
enviromental or endogenous antigens |
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Which breed of dogs are predisoposed to eosinophillic bronopneumonpathy? What aged dogs |
Huskies young to middle aged |
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How is eosinophilic bronchopenumopathy diagnosed |
R/O other dz - HWD, parasites, bacteria,fungal broncoscopy cytology of material/culture |
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TX for eosinophilic bronchopneumonpathy? |
glucocorticoids - immunosuppressive allergy testing - not successfull |
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These 4 parasties are commonly diagnosed using the Baermann Test |
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (Fe) Strongyloides stercoralis (K9) Crenosoma vulpis (Europe) Angiostrongylus vasorum (europe) |
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How is the Baermann Test performed |
Float FRESH feces in cheese cloth >8 hours in water bottom of wine glass (funnel) pull off fluid examine under the microscope if see motile larve = parasite |
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What common lungworms does Baermann not work for?
Why? |
Oslerus osleri Filaroids
Rare in US and best diagnosed with zinc sulfate due to the first stage larvae do not move vigorously and not recovered with a Baermann Test. |
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These fluke eggs are best recovered using a fecal sediment. |
Paragonimus kellcotti salmon posioning Alaria spp. |
