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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Differentials for unilateral nasal discharge (6) |
tooth root abscess cyst hematoma oronasal fistula FB Neoplasia |
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Differentials for bilateral nasal discharge (3) |
noplasia infectious agents any dz process caudal to the nasal septum |
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Airway disease on this side of the thorax have louder sounds during inspiration |
extrathoracic |
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Airway disease on this side of the thorax has louder sides on expiration |
intrathoracic |
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What clinical signs are noted with laryngeal disease? (2) |
inspiratory stridor coughing - esp. with excitement/exercise (can elicit on palpation of trachea) |
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What clinical signs are noted with animals having pleural disease? (4) |
short shallow breathing tachypnea inermittent attemps at deep respiration |
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What do pulse oximeters measure |
stauration of hemoglobin |
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What is the normal hemoglobin saturation of dogs adn cats |
95-100% |
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An arterial blood gass can help evaluate these 3 things in a critical animal |
oxygenaion ventilation acid-base balance |
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What is the blood supply to the trachea?
Nerve supply?
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cranial and caudal thyroid arteries recurrent laryngeal and vagus |
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What is the trachea's reaction to insult? |
secrete more mucous |
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noisey inspiratory sounds |
stertorous |
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wheezing expiratory sounds |
stridor |
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What are the most common cuases of kennel cough? (3) |
Bordetella bronchiseptica
canine parainfluenza
canine adenovirus
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What are other etiolgies implicated in causing kennel cough (3) |
canine herpes virus
Mycoplasam spp.
distemper
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Cinical signs of kennel cough developed after ___ days of exposure |
3-5 days |
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This is a parasites of dogs under 2 years of age and generally a kennel related problem (Greyhounds) |
Oslerus osleri (lungworm) |
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Where dose Oslerus osleri affect animals? |
generally proximal to the carina although it is called the lungworm |
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How is Oslerus osleri transmitted? |
salivary and airway secretions fecal-oral |
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DOgs with this disease have mild inspiraotry wheezing, dysmpnea, & coughing. Terminal retch as well |
Oslerus osleri |
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Diagnosis of Oslerus osleri |
Fecal Baermann Radiographs can show intratracheal linning Endoscopy can be diagnostic with small cream colored nodules in the trachea |
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TX for Oslerus osleri |
thiacetarsamide sodium diethylcarbamazine levamisole fenbendazole albendazole ivermectin |
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What is tracheal hypoplasia and what breeds get it? |
Congenital defect that results from inadequate growth of the tracheal rings
young bracycephalic animals (bulldogs/bostons) |
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Dogs with this disease present at a yound age with dyspnea stridor coughing +/- pneumonia |
congeital hypoplasia |
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How is tracheal hypoplasia diagnosed? |
lunen of the trachea is less than two times the widge of the third rib where they cross |
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prognosis for congential tracheal hypoplasia |
good - for the mild-moderate cases young dogs can outgrow the condition |
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Which area of the trachea is more commonly affected |
cervial |
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Since collapsing trachea and CHF occur commonly, what PE finding can help differentiate them? |
normal HF |
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What breeds of dogs tend to present with collapsing trachea |
small toy breeds |
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Where should a dog be palpated to elicit coughing from collapsing trachea |
thoracic inlet |
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What other feature occurs on PE/radiographs with collapsing trachea. Significance is unclear |
hepatomegaly |
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TX for acture collapsing trachea |
sedate: butorphanol/acepromazine glucocorticoids - swelling O2 bronchodilators |
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TX for long term collapsing trachea |
bronchodilator agents or Beta agonists antitussive +/- low dose steriods weight reduction harness |
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When the trachea is ruptured, where dose emphasema occur |
SX and mediatinal emphasema |
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how long must a daily cough be occuring for it to be a chronic issue |
2 months |
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What age dogs dose chronic bronchititis affect? |
Middle aged to older primarily small breed dogs |
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With chronic bronchitis what is auscultated? |
expiratory wheezes inspiratory crackles |
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What is noted on radiographs with dogs with chronic bronchititis |
thickening of airway walls and end on bronchi doughnuts and tram lines |
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How are infectious causes of cough R/O or R/I? |
tracheal wash or bronchoscopy
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what type of cytology is found with chronic bronchitis? |
nondegeerative neutrophils although eosinophils can also be found.
Low numbers of bacteria are found in normal dogs. |
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TX for chronic canine bronchitis |
steriods - decreased every 5-10 days to EOD. bronchodilators |
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How can bronchodilators help with chronic bronchitis in dogs? |
improve diaphramatic contractility reduce respiratory fatigue stimulate mucocillary clerance reduce steriod dosage |
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What are the most common classes of bronchodilators used in veterinary medicine? |
methylxanthine beta-2 agonsits |
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This medication acts through antagonism of aldosterone or effects intracellular calcium handeling |
methyxanthine |
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what drugs are considered methyxanthines |
theophylline |
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Side effects of mthyxanthines? |
GI upset sinus tachycardia hyperexcitability |
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When side effects of methyzanthines are noted, how is the dosage changed? |
D/C then re-instutuded at 1/2 the dose then increase as needed as the dog tollerates |
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What drugs are beta 2 adrenergic agonists |
terbutaline albuterol |
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What are side effects of the beta-2 adrenergic agnostist |
excitability or tremors during inital therapy but dogs usually become accustomed. |
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When are cough suppressants appropraite for chronic bronchitis? |
After the inflammation has been cleared (so mucous is not trapped in airway) but cough persists |
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Prognosis of chronic bronchitis |
controlled but never cure have residual cough goal is to limit clinical signs |
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What can happen if chronic bronchitis is not treated? |
bronchiectasis pulmonary hypertension vacular remodeling |
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What is bronciectasis |
focal or diffuse destructive lung condition that has irreversible dilation of large cartilaginous airways that results in accumulation of pulmonary secretions. |
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Whate are different causes of bronchiectasis (5) |
primary ciliary dyskinesia long term infection/inflammatory pulmonary dz secondary smoke inhalation airway obstruction radiation pneumonitis |
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Dog with this disease have chronic HX of moist productive cough, frequent bouts of pneumonia and respond to AB, then recur |
bronchiectasis |
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PE of bronchiectasis |
moist crackles expiratory wheezing +/- nasal discharge |
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DX of bronchiectasis |
radiographs insensitive - diffuse bronchial wall enlargment bronchoscopy - dilation of the airways +/- trapping of purulent secretions loss of cylindrical shap to the airway lumens mucosal hyperplasia BAL - can be negative, but respond to AB |
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What occurs anatomically with bronchiectasis? |
loss of the muscular and elastic support structures of the airways that results in accumulation of pulmonary secretions |
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TX for bronchiectasis |
+/- lung lobectomy AB - long term - culture and sussceptibility pulse therapy 1 week out of the month +/- bronchodilators NO COUGH SUPPRESSANTS |
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Prognosis for bronchiectasis |
chronic recurrant infections resistance to AB sepsis |
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What breed of cat seems to be more susseptible to bronchial disease |
Siamese |
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This disease results from inflammation within the airways and induces reversable airflow obstruction through smooth muscle constriction and hypertrophy |
feline bronchial disease |
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MC presnetation of cats with bronchial disease |
coughing and abnormal respiratins (wheezing, loud breaths, respiratory difficulty) |
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What is found on PE with fline bronchial disease |
obesity tracheal sensitivity crakles hasrh lung sounds expiratory wheezes expiratory componenet prolonged |
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What parasites should be R/O in cats with bronchial disease and what tests are run to evaluate them (4) |
Paragonimus spp - sedimentation Aelurostrongylus - Baermann Capillaria - float HW - AB/Ag |
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Normal (diagnostic test) ____ do not R/O feline bronchial disease |
radiographs
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What is seen on radiographs with feline bronchial disease |
flattening of the diaphram peribronchial cuffing |
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Besides radigraphs and R/O parasites, what other diagnostics can be used to DX feline bronchial disease?
Limitations of these tests |
-transtracheal wash or BAL Normal cats can have up to 25% EOS -C/S bacteria can be isolated from normal cats Detection of intracellular bacteria is helpful Mycoplasma not found in healthy cats |
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Acute TX for feline bronchial disease What if cat dosen't respond to TX? |
O2 beta-2 agnost (terbutaline IV, IM, or SC) Monitor RR add in short acting steriod if not respond to terbutaline and steroid, then other DX should be investigated |
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Long term control for feline bronchial disease (4) |
- prednisolone 1 mg/kg BID x 1-2 weeks then 0.5 mg/kg BID and taper - Methylprednisonone acetate 10-20 mg IM q 2-8 weeks - Inhaled fluticasone 110 ug - Bronchodilators: terbutaline 0.625 mg PO BID or theophylline 10 mg/kg PO |
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How can feline bronchial disease be prevented? |
avoid beta-blockers cigarette smoke dusy litter aerosol spray URI virusus |
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Prognosis for feline bronchial disease |
TX can control clinical signs most of the time Will need continued medication |
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Primary cillary dyskinesia affects three systems |
respirtory tract urogenital tract auditory canal |
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This is a syndrome characterized by situs inversus, chronic rhitinit/sinusitits, and bronchiectasis |
Kartagener's syndrome |
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What breed of dogs are more likely to have primary cillary dyskinesia? |
Purebred dogs Bichon frise |
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This C/S occur generaly early in life and with chronic nasal discharge, cough, exercise intollerance, and respiratory distress. Can be seen within the first few weeks of life |
Primary cillary dyskinesia |
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How is primary cillary dyskinesia diagnosed? |
electron microscopy of nasal or bronchial respiratory epithelium |
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How is primary cillary dyskinesia TX |
control infection cough suppressants are contraindicated |
