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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two major functions of the large intestines?
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- absorption of water and electrolytes
- control defication |
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There are 5 microscopic differences between the SI and the LI:
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- villi are absent in LI
- microvilli of the LI are less abundent - more goblet cells in the LI - less endocrine cells - crypt to epithelial migration is much slower |
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What electrolytes are absorbed and secreted in the colon?
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absorbs: water, sodium, and chloride
Secretes: potassium and bicarbonate |
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What are the most consistent finding on physcial exam with colitis
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Pain and irregularities of the colonic mucosa on rectal exam.
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Is flatulance more common with SI or LI?
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SI
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Is increased defecation frequency related to SI or LI?
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LI
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Increased fecal volume more common with SI or LI?
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SI
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Whipworms tend to affect the SI or LI?
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LI
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Giardia affects the SI or LI?
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primarily SI but can affect both
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Isospora spp affects the SI or LI?
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both
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Tritrichomonas foetus affects the SI or LI?
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illeum and LI
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Clostridium perfringes and difficile tend to affect the SI or LI?
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LI
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Yersinia enterocolitica tends to affect the SI or LI?
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LI
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This parasite is one of the most common causes of LI diarrhea in dogs
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Trichuris
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What chemisty abnormalities are seen with pseudo-Addisonian
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hyponatremia
hypochloremia hyperkalemia ACTH - normal |
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What is the prepatent period for whipworms?
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75-90 days
(CAPC) |
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Ancylostoma canium primarily affect the SI or LI?
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SI
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What causes schistosomiasis in dogs?
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Heterobilharzia americana
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This is an uncommon LI infection in dogs found in the southern Atlantic and Gulf Coast states in the US
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Heterobilharzia americana
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WHat are the hosts of of Heterobiharzia americana?
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intermediate hosts - snail
definitive host - dog - motile cercaria penetrate the skin |
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DX of Heterobilharzia americana
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ova via direct saline fecal
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TX for Heterobilharzia americana
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Fenbendazole with praziquantal
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Prognosis for Heterobilharzia americana?
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generally good
but severe liver involvment may lead to chronic liver disease and cirrhosis |
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Coccidia generally affect SI or the LI?
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SI
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What signalment/enviroment infects cats wtih Tritrichomonas foetus
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yound
densely populated co-infection with Giardia |
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How is T. foetus DX?
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fresh voided sample suspecnded in saline
grown from incubated feces in Diamonds medium PCR |
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How is T. foetus transmitted?
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Likely fecal/oral
CPAC |
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What is the TX for T. foetus
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- No approved TX
- Ronidazole is currently considered the treatment of choice. In some cats, a reversible neurotoxicity similar to that seen with metronidazole has been reported. - Metronidazole has been used in the past as has tinidazole, but clearance of infections appears less common than when ronidazole is used. - Resistance to ronidazole and metronidazole have been reported using the feline isolates both clinically and in culture systems. |
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histoplasma capsulatum
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histoplasma capsulatum
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Where in the US is histoplasma capsulatum found?
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Mississippi and Ohio River valleys
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How do animals acquire histoplasmosis?
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- respiratory tract (primary)
- ingestion |
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What organs are generally affected with H. capsulatum in DOGS?
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lungs
GI tract lymph nodes liver spleen BM ocular adrenal glands |
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What organs are generally affected with H. capsulatum in CATS?
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lungs
liver lymph nodes eyes BM |
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C/S in dogs with histoplasma
What C/S tends to be common |
fever
anorexia lethargy wt. loss V/D Cachexia is common |
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DX of histoplasma capsulatum
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cytology - most common
histopathology - nees special stains Fungal culture- rarely needed Serology - Poor SN/SP |
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TX: for histoplasmosis
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itraconazole BID 2-4 months (Feline)
Ketoconazole & amphotericin B (Canine) |
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Prognosis for dogs with histoplasmosis
Prognosis for cats |
dogs- guarded to fair
cats - good |
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What fungal infection tens to affect the GI in dogs (although not the primary site of infection)
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Histoplasma capsulatum
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What algae have been implicated in causing LI diarrhea?
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Prototheca
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Algea are ubiquitious in the enviroment but where in the enviroment are they found
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sweage
soil bodies of water (lakes, streams, ponds) feces |
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DX of prototheca (algae)
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exfoliative cytology
histology |
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TX for Prototheca
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Amphotericin B
Itraconazole - TX for a month |
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Prognosis for Prototheca
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grave
diagnosed after it has disseminated |
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What spirochete has been implemented in causing LI DZ, but others feel is normal flora
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Brachyspira pilosicoli
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DX of Brachyspira pilosicoli
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fecal culture
colonic histopathology PCR of fresh feces |
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TX for Brachyspira pilosicoli
Prognosis |
None
Good |
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Although this bacteria is found in nondiarrheaic dogs, under the right conditions, it can induce significant GI pathology
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Campylobacter
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What animals are at greatist risk for Campylobacter infections
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- young
- immunocompromised - concurrent infections -prior ABs - poor hygene |
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What cells do campylobacter infiltrate in the LI
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mucous filled crypts and cause hyperplasia
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How is Campylobacter DX?
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direct fecal smear
fecal culture - best PCR - best |
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TX for Campylobacter
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Erythromycin - best
tetracyclines aminoglycosides, clindamycin and quinolones are effective - perform psot AB culture to prove gone |
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Prognosis for campylobacter
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excellent
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