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157 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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fabaceae
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bean family, has 3 sub familes.Most belong to faboideae (dicot family)
All have the fruit type in common |
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Fabiodeae
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Subfamily of fabaceae.
Fruit is a legume Widely used Lots of protein Cultivated by Native American Indians Is on of the three sisters (corn, bean, squash) |
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Three sisters
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Corn, bean, squash
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Vegetative features of fabiodeae
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Family includes small herbs to tall trees
Leaves are compound, leaflets, periole is the common stalk and has little leaves on it. Has N2 fixing bacteria in the root nodules, since they can't fix nitrogen themselves. Mutualism (symbiosis) Used as alternative crops Known as poormans proteins |
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Two types f peanuts
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Virginia- more then two sections
Spanish- two sections and more oil |
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What is the origin of peanuts? And where is it grown now?
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From South America.
Now grown in China. |
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George washington carver?
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Promoted growth of peanuts in U.S. Lots of uses
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Peanut butter
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Is american but made in S.A. Came to U.S. in 1900. In St. Louis during sanatorium by Kellogg brothers, one was a doctor, a way to give nutrition to eldery
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What is special about Durant, Oklahoma?
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Is leading producer of peanuts in U.S.. There is a peanut statue
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How do peanuts grow?
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Stalk grow towards ground where they mature, flowers look like butterfly, ovary is shaped like a legume and has a stalk (gynophore, phore=stalk) which is why it grows towards the ground, So fertilized above ground but matures below
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Arachis hypogaea
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peanuts/goobers/groundnuts, hypogeae=below the ground)
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Gycine max
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Soy beans, max=maximum uses
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Where do soybeans come from?
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China. Brought to U.S. in 1920s, didn't like it
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Cinderella crop?
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Soybeans, gained fame qickly. U.S. is leading producer, exports 50%.
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Edemame
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Japanese name for soybeans
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Products of soy beans
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soy sauce, tofu, tofuti, miso, tempeh
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Textured vegetable protein (TVP)
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imitation meat made from soybeans
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Where does soymilk come from?
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the seeds, cotyledon?
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cow without bones
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soybean
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What is lechithin?
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A food additive that comes from soybean
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Tamarindus(date) indica(Indian)
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Tamarind, indian date. Grown on tall spreading trees, dry brown pods, pulp is tart and sticky.
Seeds are hard, roasted or boild. Pulp is sweet tart Makes chutney |
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Chutney
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Is a dipping sauce made from tamarind
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Carob
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similar to tamarind, mesocarp pulp is sweet, carat= seeds are used as a measurement for precious stones, locust bean gum comes from ground seeds, chocolate substitute
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Mericago sativa
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Alfalfa, king of forage legumes
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Trifulium
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true clover
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Melilotus
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sweet clover
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Fenugreek
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Condiment, legume
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Indigo
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dye, legume
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licorice
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flavoring, legume
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mesquite
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charcoal, legume
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rosewood
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furniture, legume
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rosary pea
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red and black seeds, legume
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rubiaceae
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coffee
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Alkaloids
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Caffeine- tea, coffee
Theophylline- tea Theobromine- chocolate and cola |
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Essential oils
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Theol- tea
Caffeol- coffee |
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theaceae
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tea
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serculiaceae
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cola, chocolate, come from fruits, both use cotyledon and are capsules
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aquifoliceae
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asi, mate, guayusa, caffeine comes from leaves
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Camelia Sinensis (China)
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tea
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origin of tea
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Orient foothills of the himalayas
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History of tea
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Drink in China in 500b.c., reached Britain in 17th century, British East India Company (est. in India)supplied most of the tea, introduced to N.V. in 1650s.
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Dutch traders (tea)
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Brought and sold tea in Great Britain?
By mid 17th century, tea reached much of England India is argest grower Britain east indian company |
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Tea in North America
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Drink of rich people
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Tea act in 1773 and boston tea party
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Both happened in 1773, first was to help east india company, tea brought revanue, and the tea party dumped tea into water to protest taxes
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Tip leaves of the shrub tree are picked and go throguh processing system that yields
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white, black, green, and oolong teas
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Three grades of tea
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pekoe, orange pekoe, and flowerly pekoe, determines fineness
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White tea
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Known in China, used for several thousand yeas, very little processing, less caffeine, more nutrients
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Black tea
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from oxidized leaves, lots of processing, yeilds lots of caffeine,
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Black tea processing
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Withering- hot, dry air is blown on the leaves, hand picked are the best ones, removes the moisture and wilts the leaves
Rolling- by machine, releases enzymes from the leaves Fermentation- chemical oxidation, no alcohol involved, causes leaves to turn coppery/brown Firing/drying- to remove excess water Black tea has stronger flavor and more caffeine |
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Green tea
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Not fermented, steamed rolled and dried, leaves oxidized but not fermented. Japan, Thailand and China.
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Oolong teas
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Semi fermented, results in greenish brown leaves, is an intricate process (art)
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Iced tea
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1904, american drink, black tea and ice. St. Louis had an outside event so put ice in it. North- little sugar, South- lots of sugar.
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Tea bags
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Broken leaf pieces are sived and used in tea bags, bag is made of fiber of banana plants (abaca fiber( from leaf sheath, petiol))
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Thomas sullivan
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Made tea bags out of silk in 1904(like iced tea)
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Instant tea
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came to US in 1940, invented Japan.
1885- john brown |
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Brassica tea
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John Hopkins University, powerful antioxidant from brocolli
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Theol
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Essential oil in tea
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Tannins
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in tea leaves, why it looks brown and protects it from herbivores
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Where do the stimulating effects of tea come from?
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Caffiene and theophylline, alkaloids. Both come from the leaves
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Jasmine tea
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Tea and jasmine
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Chai
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Another name for tea, masala chai is the mix of spices and tea (from India)
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Who is largest produced of tea?
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India
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Darjeeling tea
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Champagne of tea
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Coffee
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Coffea Arabica (from Arab, but discovered in Ethiopia ) rubiaceae
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Coffee is native to
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mountains of Ethiopia, goat herders saw goats eat coffee,
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What are the two seeded berries of coffee fruit called?
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Cherries, they are drupes, one seed is a peaberry
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Coffee arrived in Yemen in
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14th century. Spread through Europe by mid 1600s
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Mocha, java and coffee terms are from
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Arab
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Penny universities
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Coffee in Europe, charged a penny for a cup
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Pop clement 8th
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was told concern about this drink, but drank it and called it Christian Beverage
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Coffee arrived in U.S.
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in 1669, Boston
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Coffee comes from
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coffee bean, which is not a real bean, is called a cherry, endocarp is called the patchemnt and is is brittle, inside the parchment is two cherries (if only on it is a pea berry)
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Coffee plants
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Small evergreen shrubs of trees with simple opposite leaves, flowers are white, small and are in axillary clusters
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WHere is coffee cultivated?
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In tropical and subtropical climates
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Three types of coffee
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Coffea Arabica- in Latin America
Coffea Canephora- more caffeine, grown in Arifca and Asis, used for flavored coffee Coffea liberica- yeilds bitter coffee, grown in Africa |
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Green coffee extract
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Health news, before they go through roasting, used for weight loss
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Processing of coffee
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Depulping- remove the meso and exocarp)
Wet methods: gives superior/ mild coffee, after depuling undergoes fermentation and then removed the rest Dry: natural/ hard coffee, spread fruit and let dry, then remove everything else |
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Roasting the coffee beans
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Determines aroma and flavor
Caffeol- essential oil, gives coffee flavor Caffeine- alkaloid stimulant |
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International coffee organization
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sets price of coffee and regulates production
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Ludwig roselius
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1903, removed caffeine from coffee, decaffeinated coffee
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Instant coffee
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Japanese chemist in 1901, paste
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Espresso
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France, shouldn't taste bitter
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Other uses of coffee
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Additive in pain killers, manure, alcoholic beverage
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Who leads coffee production?
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Brazil, and U.S. is leading importer
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Theobroma cacao
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Chocolate, from sterculiacaea, small tree in tropical forest Theo=god, broma-beverage: Greek (god beverage)
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Chocolate is native to
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Mexico and Central America
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Food of the gods
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Chocolate, aztec beverage
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Chocolatl
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esteemed beverage for aztec people, was spicy.
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When did Spanish modify chocolate?
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in 1528, added sugar, spanish conquistador
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Chocolate fruit
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Large, football shaped pods on stem, 20-40 ivory colored beans are surrounded by sticky sweet pulp. It is a capsule, usually only use the seed (beans)
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What is the source of chocolate?
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the nibs which are the cotyledons
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Processing of chocolate
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Harvested beans are fermented and roasted
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Products of chocolate
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Chocolate liquor: dark oily paste from nibs, no lcohol
Baking chocolate: solidified paste of cotyledons Cocoa butter: fat in the beans Cocoa powder: butter removed, pulverized Chocolate: cocoa butter, sugar, chocolate liquor, vanilla, and milk |
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Conching
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kneads chocolate paste really well, lindt uses this.
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Africa is leading in cultivation of
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chocolate trees
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Producer of candy chocolate
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U.S.
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Who eats the most chocolate?
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Swiss
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Finest chocolate quality?
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Criollo bean from Venezuala
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Thco
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name derived from aztec word, combing beans from other places to bring out flavor, pure choclate
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Cola
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Cola nitida, sterculiaceae
Nut is a capsule, lots of seeds nad has aflashey seed coat, eaten as sourse of energy, first used in U.S. |
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What compounds does cola have?
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caffiene, and theobromine (both are alkaloids)
And kolanin which is a heart muscle stimulant |
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Coca-cola
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made in 1886 by Dr. John styth pamberton in Atlanta, georgia. Made from extract of cola seeds. Usd water colo, powdered kola seeds and coca leaves. Recipe is locked up. Removed cocaine.
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Types of cola
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Barr's red- true cola extracts
Cricket cola- preparded in western part of us, add green tea, california Inca kola- from S.A. no cola extract |
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Aquifoliaceae
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Holly family
-Mate -Asi -Guayuas |
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Mate
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friendship beverage, long straw that filters as you rink, refers to the gourd, part of S.A. ritual
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Asi
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From leaves of yaupon holly, vomitoria- native american tea, makes a tea called black drink. Similar to black tea but has bitter taste, makes yu vomit, sold as tea when orient didn't sell tea to america during civil war.
Caffeine rich |
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Guayusa
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popular in ecuador, grows around forests, make tea early in the morning, a LOT of caffeine, Brand is RUNA (gives energy)
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Chicory
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no caffeine, dry roasted fleshy roots, from roots of sunflower family(asteraceae), is an endive, powder like coffee
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Guarana teas
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from berries, made in S.A. Rich in caffeine, sapindaceae
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National beverage of Brazil
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Guarana soda,Caffeine comes from the seeds, used for weight loss
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Guarana fruit
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Looks like a human eye, innocent pig was killed, buried the body, gods planted child's eye and plants grew there
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Wine
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fermented juice of grapes, Vitis vinifera
Started in 3000b.c. mentioned in bible Oak barrels, anaerobic fermentation Champagne is wine and sugar Grapes are dicots |
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Beer
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made form barley, social beverage, add hops which is related to cannabis plant
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Drinks from barley
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beer, whiskey, vodke, gin,
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Rum comes from?
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sugar cane
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Sake comes from
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fermented rice, rice wine
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Chicha
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fermented corn, from central and south america
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Agave plant makes
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pulque, tequila and mezcal. From Mexicao, made from stump of the stem portion. Plant is good for fiber and is a monocot. Fiber makes sisal. Two are from cooking the stump.
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Differences between spices and herbs
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Spices- come from an par of the plant, from topical places
Herbs- only the leaves and maybe the seeds, fom temperate parts f the world (colder) |
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What was used by Egyptians?
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Spices and herbs, to mummify an perfumes
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Spice trade
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by 1400 between Mediterranean and fa east, lots of exotic spices (SE Asia and China)
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Arab merchants
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Middle man in the spice trade, made up stories to prevent others from doing the trips.
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What did romans use spice as?
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Was in great demand, used as currency
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Nero burned what spice?
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A years worth of cinnamon, during wives funeral
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Dark ages
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641-1096 A.D. Spice in great demand, used to preserve meat, Keep growth of bacteria away. Used in tropical countries
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Marco Polo
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1271, to the Orient, travels of Marco polo, went to the orient and wrote book about spice plantations
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Christopher Columbus (spice)
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1492, Spices from "India", search for spices ended in New World, Capsicum pepper, Vanilla, All Spice, Black Pepper.
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Vasco Da Gama
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1498, to India, crossed Africa
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Magellan
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1519, discovered western route to spice islands (Moluccas) insead of crossing Africa. Got black p[epper but died of malaria.
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Dutch Spice Trade
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Dutch spice trade, made bitish east india company
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When did spice happen in US?
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1672. Captain Jnathan Canes, late 1600s, sold black pepper, had people that migrated from Asia
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Pizza herb
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Oregano
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Cinnamon
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Connamomun zetlanicum (named afte Ceylon [sri lanka])
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Lauraceae
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Cinnmon, camferd, and bay leaf
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What is the rolled bark of cinnamon called?
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A quill, if it breaks it I ood quality
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What is the low quality cinnamon?
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Cinnamomum cassia
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Cloves
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szygium aomaticum, myrtaceae, use the unopened flower buds, dry bn the shade, has eugenol- essential oil
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Myrtaceae
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clove, all spice, (guava) has eugenol (essential oil)
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Allspice
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Pimenta dioica, myrtaceae, Aka- Jamaica pepper, clove pepper and pimento, comes from dr fruit, dried berry
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Who leads production of allspice?
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Jamaica. Native to New world, popular in west Indes
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What is allspice known as in China?
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Cuban pepper
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Black and white pepper
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Piper nigrum, piperaceae, king of spices. Drupes, Both come from same fruit.
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What is black and white pepper native to?
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India and west Indies
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If you are going to enemies house eat...
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at least 10 peppers.
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Peppercorn
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not a pepper, looks like pepper, some people are allergic because it is from anacarceae (poison ivy family)
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Myristicaceae
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nutmeg and mace, Fruit is a dr bery/dupe. Not a tue drupe. Seed is nutmeg and ail is mace. Nutmeg is stronger then mace.
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What spice can cause abortion?
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nutmeg, myristica fragrans
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star anise
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fruit are dry, starshaped capsules, SE asia
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Cadomom
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Eltteia cardomomum, Zingiberaceae (monocot)
Dried seeds and whole pods are used in Indian cooking. Capsule- splits into three parts. |
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Ginger
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Zingiber officinale, zingibeaceae
Rhizome, lots of food material. Nodes are te axillary buds, branched come from the axillay bud, leaves ar suppressed and underdeveloped, |
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Who makes ginger ale?
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Jamaica,
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Does ginger beer have alcohol?
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No, from Singapore?
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Tumeric
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Curcuma longa, zingiberaeae
Yellow rhizome Used for curry in East Asia Rhizome is removed from ground and cleaned and dried Used in marinade |
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Beneficial compound in turmeric?
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Curcumin. Vicco is brand that uses turmeric
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Saffron
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Crocus Sativus (cultivated) Iidaceae
Monocot(6 narrow petals) From stigma of ovary EXPENSIVE! Used in Spanish yellow rice Comes fom aabic word (zafarn, whih means yellow) |
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Saffron origin, and who makes it now?
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Native to Eastern Mediterranean, Spain dominants now, introduced to Spain by Arabs.
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vanilla
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Vanilla planifolia, Orchidaceae
Monocot |
