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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Grains, also known as ___ are ___, ___, ___ fruits. Members of the ___ family.
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1. Caryopsis
2. are dry 3. single-seeded 4. indehiscent fruits 5. Poaceae |
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Grains provide ___, and legumes provide ___? Both combined also provide additional nutritional benefits such as, ___ and ___?
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1. Starch
2. Protein 3. fiber 4. vitamins |
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Cereal is the ___, of certain ___?
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1. grain
2. grasses |
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Grass plants are mostly ___, with round stems, conspicuous nodes, and hollow internodes.
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1. herbaceous
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What are Culms?
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The major branches of stems are called culms, they are usually hollow at the internodal region
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Leaves are ___, usually two-ranked, and linear with a sheathing base that clasps around half of the internode. Grasses have a ___ root system and adventitious roots that arise from the lower nodes also frequently support them.
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1. alternate
2. fibrous |
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Perennial grasses have underground ___ or ___ that help the grass spread through vegetative propagation.
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1. stolon
2. rhizomes |
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What are panicles, spikelets, and florets? What is a lodicule?
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1. Most grass flowers are borne on branched influorescences called panicles.
2. Each panicle further consists of a few to many spikelets 3. Each with one to several florets (small flowers). 4. Each floret consists of a reduced perianth called a lodicule. 3 well developed stamens and a superior ovary with a single ovule and a short style that ends in two long, conspicuous, feathery stigmas. panicles<spikelets<florets<lodicules |
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What are the two bracts of a grass plant called?
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An inner palea and an outer lemma. Also called bracts, glumes, chaff.
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What is bran?
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The pericarp and seed coat fuse together to form a structure called bran.
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Bran is rich in ___ and ___?
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fiber and vitamins
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What is the germ and the endosperm?
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Germ: the small embryo of the single seed inside the bran
Endosperm: inside the bran is a well-developed endosperm that makesup the bulk of the entire seed. |
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The Germ is rich in ___, ___ and ___?
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Rich in fats, proteins and vitamins.
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The grass embryo consists of a single cotyledon, what is that called?
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scutellum
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What is the endosperm mostly made of?
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Starch, as in rice, sometimes with a little protein like in wheat
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What is the aleurone layer?
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Inside the bran and surrounding the endosperm is a layer called the aleurone layer, which is rich in protein and fats. It aids the embryo during the germination process by breaking down the starchy endosperm into simple sugars.
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What is lodging?
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After heavy rains when the grass plants get tangled up
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What is shattering?
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natural process in which grass plants disperses the mature fruit farther away from the parent plant (causes problems with farmers)
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What is threshing?
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Threshing is when the grass plant is dehulled (the glumes are removed). The glume is the outer bract surrounding the endosperm. (AKA chaff, bract) Traditionally done by hand. Essential for consumption of the grain.
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What is winnnowing?
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The process of removing the dry broken chaff mixed with the grains after threshing. Winnowing occurs by holding baskets of the chaff-grain mixture over the head and slowly pouring it down to separate the heavier grains from the lighter fragments that blow away.
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What are combines?
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Modern machines that thresh and winnow
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What is polishing?
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Removing the bran. Traditionally done by scratching the grain between two rocks or using pestle and mortor.
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What is whole grain?
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Everything in a grain except chaff and lodicules. It includes bran, endosperm, and the embryo.
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What is a polished grain?
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When the bran, aleurone layer and the embryo get removed.
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What is another word for polishing?
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Pearling
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What is rice a symbol of?
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Fertility and in several places in Asia it is also considered sacred.
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What genus does rice belong to?
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Oryza
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What is paddy rice?
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Grows in standing water
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What is upland rice?
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Uses the slopes or flat fields of raised lands with only a sufficient amount of water to grow
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What are 3 types of rice?
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1. Indica: long-grain rice
2. Japonica/ sativa: short-grain rice that sticks together when cooked 3. Javanica: yield larger rice/ not well known as other rice |
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What is beriberi?
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Eating polished rice too much causes lack of nutrition / results in nerve inflammation
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What is the rice bran a natural source of?
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Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
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What is brown rice?
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unpolished rice
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What is golden rice?
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Genetically modified rice that has pigmented endosperm caused by beta carotene...precursor of vitamin A.
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Is rice gluten free?
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Yes
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What is the genus of wheat?
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Triticum
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What is wheat called?
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"The staff of life"
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What is whole grain flour? What is it rich in?
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Ground from the entire grain including the bran, endosperm, and germ. Rich in fiber, protein and starch.
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What is Germ grain flour?
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Comes from the endosperm and germ...leaving out the bran. Lacks fiber.
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What is All Purpose Flour?
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blend of different wheat flours with a moderate amount of protein
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Enriched Flour?
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has vitamin B1, iron, and niacin added to plain white flour
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Graham flour?
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is a blend of finely ground endosperm mixed with coarsely ground germ and bran flours
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Self-rising flour?
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wheat flour (white or whole wheat) pre-mixed with rising agents
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Types of wheat?
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1. Einkorn (one grain)- suppressed shattering
2. Emmer resulted in 3. Duram - free threshing |
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What is Semolina flour?
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comes from duram wheat
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What is the binomial of corn?
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Zea mays
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What does Zea mean in greek?
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zea = "to live"
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Are corn plants bisexual or unisexual?
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Unisexual
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Are most cereal grasses bisexual or unisexual?
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Bisexual
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What is the female influorescences of corn called? What is the fleshy central core called? What are the tightly packed bracts called?
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1. an ear
2. a cob 3. husks |
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Each female flower of corn has a long, silky style, known as?
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Silk, that protrudes out of the husk
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Is corn Gluten free?
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Yes
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What is corn deficient in?
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1. Tryptophan and lysine
2. relatively low in protein |
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What is Pellagra?
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Disease characterized by dementia, diarrhea, and dermatitis caused by tryptophan and niacin deficiency.
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What is corn flour?
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mild flavor and use a thickening agent, as starch, and in baking
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What is cornmeal?
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is a coarse whole grain corn flour. People frequently use it in tamales and in tortillas.
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What is a good coffee substitute?
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Roasted corn kernel
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The biofuel ethanol and biodegradable plastics are made from?
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Corn
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Where is corn oil extracted from?
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extracted from the germ
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What is the binomial for Oats?
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Avena sativa
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What is the main use of Oats?
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Animal feed
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What are groats?
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Hulled oats
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Do we eat oats unrefined?
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Yes
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Sometimes oat grains are cut in to two or three pieces before rolling, we call these quick rolled or ___ rolled oats?
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Steel cut
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What are unrefined oats an excellent source of?
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-soluble fiber, protein, fat.
- Also an excellent blend of amino acids with a good amount of lysine, which is absent in many cereal grains. -high amount of soluble and insoluble fiber content...lowers cholesterol -Also have high amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamins B and E and they provide more calories than wheat |
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What is oatmeal?
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rolled oats used in making porridge, cookies and bread
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Do oats have very little gluten, which means they can't be used to make bread directly?
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yes
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Where are oats popular?
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Ireland and Scotland
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What is the binomial of Sorghum?
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Sorghum Bicolor
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What are nicknames for Sorghum?
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US= Sorgo
Africa= great millet India = cholam |
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What are the main uses of Sorghum?
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1. Syrup for molasses
2. forage for cattle 3. Grain used very similar to wheat in India and Africa |
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Whisk Brooms can be made of?
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Sorghum
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Is Sorghum gluten free?
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Yes
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What is silage?
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food for cattle made from Sorghum
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Broom corn capital of the world?
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Arcola, Illinois
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Grains that are not "real" grains
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Quinoa, Amaranth, Buckwheat... they're actually achenes
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What is an achene?
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A small, dry, one-seeded fruit that does not open to release the seed.
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What is the genus of Sugarcane?
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Saccharum
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the "bran" of grains consists of?
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seed coat and fruit wall
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a "culm" is?
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hollow internodes of a monocot
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When you eating white bread made from refined flour, what part of the grain are you mostly consuming?
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endosperm
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"corn silk" is what part of the corn plant?
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style part of the female flowers
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Beriberi is caused by?
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white rice
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Sorghum is native of where?
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Africa
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Wheat is "food for billions"
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false
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"paddy" may refer to rice raised in wetlands with standing water
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True
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The activity of removing the grains from the bracts is lodging?
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false
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"Wild rice" belongs to the same genus as the long grain rice?
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false
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Triticale is the hybrid between wheat and rye
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True
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Golden rice is a genetically modified rice?
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True
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Oats were secondary crops meaning they were consumed second in nutrition compared to wheat?
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false
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Sugarcane plants use sett for vegetative propagation
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True
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A "culm" is the:
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hollow internodes of a monocot
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Which part of a grain is removed during polishing process?
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germ and bran
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What are 'lodicules'?
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the reduced sepals & petals
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"Corn silk" is what part of the corn plant?
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style part of female flowers
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American sugar triangle involved ___?
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A. New England
B. West Indies C. West Africa |
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Which essential oil in tea leaves gives the tea its flavor?
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Theol
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The idea of wrapping tea in bags started in:
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1904
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Which part of a grain is removed during polishing process?
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germ and bran
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What is a "glume" in a grain?
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chaff and bracts
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Which grain has gluten?
A. Wheat B. Corn C. Rice |
Wheat
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Which alkaloid is unique to only tea?
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Theophylline
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Grass florets are?
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Incomplete and perfect
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"Brain" in a grain is
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fused seedcoat and pericarp
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What is the origin of Triticale and major use?
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Artificial hybrid; Bread; replaces Rye in most recipes....combines desirable characteristics of both wheat and rye
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What is the origin of Barley and major uses?
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Southwestern Asia; Baking, beer, whiskey making...one of the oldest domesticated crops
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Millet-finger...origin..uses
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Africa...flat bread, porridge, in beer...high in amino acids and protein
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Millet-pearl..origin..uses
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Africa....Flat bread,cooked, in beer...drought resistant
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Rye..origin..uses
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Southwestern Asia...Pumpernickel bread, rich source of lysine. Rye whiskey, Dutch gin; forage.
-Secondary crop...poor person's wheat |
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Wild rice..origin..uses
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New world....cooking...expensive due to demand
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Is sugarcane a grain-yielding grass?
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not a grain-yielding grass, but a member of Poaceae and similar to Sorghum. Its syrup filled stems gives us the common table sugar.
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What is Noble Cane?
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S. Officinarum...which originated near New Guinea
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What country is a major cultivar of sugarcane?
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Brazil
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What was the first country to use sugarcane to make sugar and where did it get transferred to?
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India to China
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What is Pongal?
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4 day harvest festival in India celebrating grains. Pongal means to boil. They cook rice in decorated clay pots surrounded by sugarcane and other sacred plants, such as mango leaves and tumeric. Then boil over the rice and water mixture. It signifies abundance and prosperity.
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how and when did sugar get to the new world?
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1500s...columbus
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When was the Sugar Act passed?
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1764.. by the British Parliament
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What are the parts of a Sugarcane plant?
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Sett and tiller
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