Ethics Theory & Practice

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Factual description and explanation of moral behavor and beliefs.

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Descriptive Ethics

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4 ways of studying moral beliefs and moral philosophy.

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Descriptive Ethics, Metaethics, General Normative Ethics, Practical Normative Ethics

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What 2 approaches describe and analyze morality without taking moral positions.

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Nonnormative approaches: descriptive ethics and metaethics.

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What 2 approaches describe and analyze morality involving moral positions.

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Normative approach: general normative and practical normative ethics

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literal meaning " above ethics". Involves analysis of the meanings of central terms in ethics such as right, obligation, good, virtue.

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Metaethics

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philosophical attempt to formulate and defend basic moral principles and standards of virtue.

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General normative eithics

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what a person ought to do in order to conform to society's norms of behavior

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Morality

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philisophical reasons for or against the morality that is stipulated by society of by some social group.

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Ethical theory

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An action is morally right if, and only if, it produces at least as great a balance of value over disvalue as any available alternative action.

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Prinicple of Utility

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Philosophers that accept a nonutilitarian account of principles or moral obligation.

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Deontologists

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Artistotle's intellectual virtues.

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Practical wisdom and theoretical wisdom

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Moral virtues:

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pride, courage, temperance, justice, truthfulness, liberality, friendliness, etc...

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The theorectical use of reason is to _______ ________. The practical use of reason is to _________ ________.

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to gain knowledge
to direct conduct

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An act is right and only right if actualizes at least as great a balance of good over bad.

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Axiological

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Moral rightness is determined solely by the consequences of action.

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Consequentialist

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Rightness is determined by the vlue of consequences for individual persons.

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Micro Ethics

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An act is right if and only if it produces at least as great a balance of good over bad in its consequences as an other act available to the agent.

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Teleological

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Rightness is determined by the value of consequences for the relevant collectivity or superentity.

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Macro Ethics

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What virtures make up Nietzche's master morality.

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Pride, self-assertion, power,cruelty, honor, rank, nobility.

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whatever maximizes one's own personal good is right.

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Ethical Egoism

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The view that "we are all egoistically motivated in everything we do."

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Psychological Egoism

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Whatever God permits, prohibits, or commands is right, wrong or obligatory respectively.

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The Divine Command Theory (DCT)

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Value that depends solely on the natural characteristics or properties of what possesses it. (i.e. size, color, shape, weight)

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Intrinsic Value

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Value that depends solely on the relationship of what possesses it to other things.

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Extrinsic Value

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Value that depends solely on the natural characteristics or properties of what possesses it. (i.e. size, color, shape, weight)

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Intrinsic Value

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Value that depends solely on the relationship of what possesses it to other things.

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Extrinsic Value

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Maximizes goodness for all people

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Utilitarianism

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The philosophy that pleasure is the most important pursuit of mankind.

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Hedonism

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An act is right if and only if it produces at least as great a blance of good over bad in its consequences for all people affected as any other act available to the agent

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Act Utilitariamisn (AU)

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An act is right if it accords with a rule the general following of which produces as great a balance of good over bad for all people affected as any alternative rule.

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Rule Utilitarianism (RU)

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What are the two questions that need to be asked of utilitarianism?

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1. How can we realistically be expected to predict the consquences of our acts for all people, all acts in a given situation?
2. What can we do about the cases in which other kinds of considerations besides the value of consequences seem morally relevant?

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The rule utilitarian that appeals to the actual rules that exist in society at that time.

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Actual Rule Uitilitarianism (ARU)

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Those who appeal the ideal rules.

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Ideal Rule Utilitariamism (IRU)

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All things anyone does in reponse to an act, as well as all those things done independently but that are necessary for the resultant state of affairs to come about.

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Mediated consequences

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What are the 3 kinds of justice?

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Corrective, Procedural & Distributive

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What is corrective justice?

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seeks to restore balance in the wake of disruptive tranactions, such as theft or injury; punishment (retributive justice) and the exacting of restitution are among the means to this end.

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What is procedural (or communitive) justice?

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Governs agreements, contracts, and processes, distinguishing those that are legitimate or fair from those that are not.

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Hhich type of justice prescribes how benefits and burdensare to be apportioned.

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Distributive Justice

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What are the "laws of thought?"

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A belief cannot be both true and false at the same time, if a belief is true, the it is true; and that a belief must be either true or false.

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What prinicple admits different formulations and says, "Actions should be judged similarly unless there are morally relevant dissimilarities between them?

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Princile of Universalizability (U)

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What is Formal Principle of Justce (FJ)?

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Persons or groups should be treated similarly unless there are morally relevant dissimilarities among them.

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What are the 3 components of distributive justice?

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Benefits & burdens to be distributed, people among whom the distributions are to be made, and process by which the distributions are to be made.

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What are the 3 categories that substantive principles are grouped?

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mechanical, selective and procedural.

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What is the mechancial principle of egalitarian?

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The principle that states: "Distribute benefits and burdens equally; to each an identical amount."

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What is the general formula for Selective priniciples?

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To each (in benefits & burdens) according to ______.

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How does Equalitarian differ from egalitariam?

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Egualitarian distrubes benefits and burdens to all in equal amounts without regard to need, want, desert, merit, worth etc... Eequalitariansim requires that we assess the effects of distribution of people to ensure distributions constitute equal treatment.

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What are the 3 kinds of procedural justice?

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Imperfect, perfect and pure.

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This specifies, in advance, what the fair or just outcome or a process should be, we have a standardto appeal to that is independent of the procedure.

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Imperfect procedural justice

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Which procedural justice says we can specify, in advance of implementing a distributive procedure, what the fair or just distribution should be?

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Perfect procedural justice

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You have 2 children and 1 piece of cake. To distribute evenly, prior to cutting the cake you state, 1 child will cut, the other will choose first. Which procedural justice is described in this example?

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Perfect procedural justice

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What is pure procedural justice?

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You implement a fair procedure for making distributions, then you look to see what outcome it produces; and that outcome is fair.

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Define ethical relativism.

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Moral right and wrong may vary fundamentally from person to person (extreme relativism) or culture to culture (cultural relativism).

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Define ethical universalism.

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Moral right and wrong are fundamentally the same for all people.

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Define ethical conditionalism.

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Morality depends on human nature, the human condition, and/or the natural order.

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Define ethical abolutism.

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Morality is eternal and unchanging and holds for all rational beings at all times and places.

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Asserts that morality is determine by, or conditional on, the nature of human beings and/or the world they live in.

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Dependency Thesis.

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Rawls believes rational people will choose in accordance to what?

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The Maximum Rule

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What is the maximum rule?

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alternatives should be ranked in order of preference according to the superiority of their worst outcomes.

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The belief that moral norms derive their normative force from the idea of contract or mutual agreement

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Contractarianism

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What is the "original position" by Rawls?

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Those of a particular society that are assembled for the purpose of choosing priniciples to govern them in a well ordered society.

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According to Rawls, what is a "well ordered society?"

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(1) A society that is designed to advance the good of its memebers, (2)effectively regulated by a public conception of justice that the basic institutions of society satisfy and are know to satisfy, (3) in which everyone accepts and know that other accept the same prinicple and (4) that is stable.

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what are the 2 prinicples that Rawls believes people in the original position will choose?

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(1) each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive basic liberty compatible with a similar liberty for others, and (2) social and economical inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both (a) resonably expected to be to everyone's advantage, and (b) attached to positions and offices open to all.

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A process of adjusting those conditions and adjusting or initial judgments about justtice until a kind of stability and coherence (balance) is achieved.

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Reflective equilibrium

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(1) Theory of rightness; and
(2) Theory of obligaton

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Deontic theory

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(1) Theory of goodness; and (2) Virtue ethics

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Value theory

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(1) Theory of justice; and
(2) Theory of rights

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Entitlement theory

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Philosophers that believe that the natural order can be studied by science is al there is.

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Metaphysical naturalists

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A theory in meta-ethics which states that: (1)Ethical sentences express propositions, (2) The meanings of ethical sentences can be expressed without the use of ethical terms (e.g., "good" and "right"), and (3)
These non-ethical terms refer to natural properties.

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Ethical Naturalists

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Whenever a philosopher attempts to prove a claim about ethics by appealing to a definition of the term "good" in terms of one or more natural properties.

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Naturalistic fallacy

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The view in philosophy that there are objective moral values

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Moral Realism

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What is cognitivism?

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A term that stands for a family of theories which typically consist of a blend of linguistic, epistemological and metaphysical elements.

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A theory in meta-ethics which states that: (1)
Ethical sentences express propositions, (2) The meanings of ethical sentences can be expressed without the use of ethical terms (e.g., "good" and "right"), and (3)
These non-ethical terms refer to natural properties.

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Ethical Naturalism

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A meta-ethical theory that embraces the following theses: (1) Moral realism, the view that there are objective facts of morality,
(2) Ethical non-naturalism, the view that these evaluative facts cannot be reduced to natural fact, and (3) The thesis that we sometimes have intuitive awareness of value, or intuitive knowledge of evaluative facts, which forms the foundation of our ethical knowledge.

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Ethical intuitionism

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Sometimes referred to as analytical naturalism, ethical terms are property-referring by birtue of being definable by non-ethical words that are property-referring.

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Definitional naturalism

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A theory about actionable rightness. It contends that you cannot always know what is actually right, so you must make the best judgments that you can.

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Contextualism

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The use of moral action-guides. A discipline of philosophy that attempts to apply 'theoretical' ethics, such as utilitarianism, social contract theory, and deontology, to real world dilemmas.

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Practical or applied ethics.