Ethics (Theology) Terms

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Absolute norms

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Norms without exceptions

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actual impediments

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transitory, they come and go, present in one situation but not in another (2 types of impediments: actual and habitual)

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actus humanus

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does have enough knowledge and freedom (2 types of moral responsibility: actus hominis and actus humanus)

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casuistry

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toulmin and jonsen, argument by analogy rather than principle. 3 steps: set out relevant features of the case, look for a precedent, and resolve your case on baiss of precedent

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common good

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describes specific "good" that is shared and beneficial for all (or most) members of a given community

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comparative justive

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i have to be more in the right than the other guy (1 type of ius ad bellum)

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conscience*

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a judgement of reason by which persons recognize the moral quality of concrete actions (corresponds to Divine's 3rd level of conscience)

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Deductive (or geometric) argument

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start with principle and come to concludions

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direct action

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one that is done wither as the end or the means to an end

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distributive justice

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relationship of the whole of siceity to the parts, society distributes benefits and burdens (3 types of catholic social thought: commutative justive, distributive justice and social justice)

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aquired vs. infused virtues

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doing things over time vs give directly from God (faith hope and love)

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actus homini

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person doesn't have enough knowledge or freedom

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autonomy

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the patients right to choose for him/her self, make choices for their own health

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cartesian ideal agent

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the ida that the best person in the position to make a moral choice is the person unmoved by emotion, proposed by descartes

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categorical imperative

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proposed by Kant, formal norms which sets rules for behavior

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commutative justice

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part to part, matter of equality of contract (Nozick recognizes this justice) (3 types of catholic social thought)

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competent authority

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only governmental authorities have given the authority to start wars

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Debbie Morris

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girl who was mentioned briefly in Dead Man Walking, she was raped by RLW and accomplice, claimed that Robert's execution did not cure her, forgiveness did

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deontological

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approach to ehtics that focuses on the rightness or wrongness of actions themselves, as opposed to the rightness or wrongess of the consequences of those actions

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discrimination (noncombatant immunity)

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ius in bello (after war starts) even in the just war you can't attack civilians, can't go after civilian populations directly and Proportionality, the level of force has to be justified to aggression

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divine command ethics*

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theory that moral values are whatever is commanded by God or the gods. Is an action morally good because God commands it, or does God command it because it is morally good?

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Eddie Sonnier

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brother of Patrick, said to have killed the couple which Patrick was being put to death for, does not get the DP, confesses to the governor that he has killed the couple and Pat is innocent, tries to get his brother off death row, Prejean continued to visit Eddie after Pat's death

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ethical relativism*

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right and wrong established by a society

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evaluative knowledge*

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appreciation of value at stake in a situation

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extrinsic view of morality*

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the relationship between morality and reality, ham to an omlet: morality is ADDED ON to reality

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Harveys

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for the DP, their daughter was raped and killed by RLW, on and off friendship with Prejean

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Impediments

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factors that limit moral responsibility because they may limit knowledge and/or freedom. When present, they move the actiosn towards actus hominis (2 types: habitual and actual)

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intellectual virtues

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virtues of the mind (4 types for Xtian ethics: intellectual, moral, theologial and cardinal)

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intrinsically evil ex objecto

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"By virtue of it's object". 3-fold theory, "by reason of the object" (terms which are always wrong whever used because its unjustified vs. objects that are fine but does not measure up with the goal.)

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end (3 font theory)

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must look at object, end, and circumstances. The idea that there are 3 foundations of morality for an action to be good, the object, end, and circumstances must be good. Object: what you did.(cut into the body) End: goal, why?, changes nature of the object (to remove a kidney) Circumstance: any other relevant observations that come into play (may be an organ donor)

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euthanasia

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someone else perfoms the act that takes a life

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extraordiinary means

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imposes an undue burden or offers no proportional benefit, does not have moral obligation (2 types of means: extraordinary and ordinary)

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formal norms

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positive or negative, set standards, set a standard but non specifics and doesn't have exceptions (2 types of norms, formal and material)

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habitual impediments

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aspects of a person's character that are enduring (2 types of impediments: actual and habitual)

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Kant

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Phil. of German enlightenment, states that duty is the necessity of an action out of respect to the law (deontological)

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Indirect action

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side effect of something else that you want to do

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intrinsic view of morality*

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the relationship between morality and reality, eggs to an omelet: morality is BUILT IN to reality

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invincible ignorance

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types of actual impediment, can not be overcome by reasonable effort (2 types of actual impediments: vincible and invincible)

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Ius in bello criteria

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(after war has started).
Principle of discrimination, non combatant immunity, even in the just war you can't attack civillians, can't go after civilian populations directly.
Proportionality: the level of force has to be justified to aggression

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Joseph Fletcher

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situation ethics, goal is to adapt utilitarianism to religion, an action is right if it promotes Christian love, wrong if it doesn't promote christian love

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last resort

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all reasonable ways has not worked (1 types of ius ad bellum criteria)

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Major Coody

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on strapdown team, only person in the prison system that shows uneasiness about the DP

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materially unjust aggressor

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someone who threatens your life unjustly but is not responsible for their actions, important because from a catholic perspective, you are able to defend yourself.

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Millard farmer

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asks Prejean to befriend another death row inmante, an attorney who defends death row inmates, tries to get Pat off death row

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Mr. Phelps

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designs capital punishment procedure, admits he will never attend an execution

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ius ad bellum criteria

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(before war)
Just cost: can't go to war without a just cost
last resort: all reasonable ways have not worked
cometent authority: only governmental authorities have gien the authority to start wars.
Right intention: goal must be to restore peace
reasonable hope of success: must have a chance of winning
Proportionality: the damage to be conflicted and the cost of the war must be proportional to the outcome
Comparative justice: I have to be more in the right than the other guy

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John Stuart Mill

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Untilitarianism phil, purely teleological ethical theory, maximize happiness so that the untilitarian summary is fulfilled, actions bring the greatest good for the greatest number of people. argues that actions are right in so far that it promotes happinessand actions are wrong in so far that they produce pain

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just cause

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action must be a grave crime, criteria which the sate has the right to execute criminals

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Lloyd LeBlanc

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father of David LeBlanc who was killed by Pat Sonnier, later tells Prejean that he has forgiven pat for his actions

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material norms

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positive and negative, tells you exactly what you should do or what you should not do

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Mike Varnado

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found Faith's body, shefiff, for the death penalty, in the video

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moral virtues

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concerns our will and desires, Aquinas's definition of moral virtues: the habit of choosing the mean appointed by reason as a prudent person would identify that mean (4 types of Christain ethics: intellectual, moral, theological and cardinal)

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natural law*

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how rational creatures participate in the eternal law (4 types of law: eternal, divine, natural and human)

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Nozick's theory of justice

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an action is just if it is a product of fair exchange, an outcome is just if the action that produced it was from a fair exchange, conclusion: justice is whatever comes about as a result of exchanges. (3 approaches to justice: Ultil, Nozick and Catholic social thought)

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Object

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what you did, part of the 3 font theory

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Object (in 3 font theory

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Object: what you did
end: goal, why?
circumstances: any other relevant information that may come into play

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pacifism

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war is always wrong. Witness: most common, primarily deontological argument. Teleological: argues that in the modern world, war is not an appropriate means because was is so destructive
(2 typesof pacifism: witness teleological)

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passions (Aquinas)

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the movements of the soul in response to another, important what attracts us because we are changed by what we are attracted to

Attractions: something outside attracts us
Avoidance: something outside makes me avoid it

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precedent

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another case that is like yours but is considered resolved, use close situation to help come up with an answer for your own case, find general consensus

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proof-texting*

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taking a passage out of context and using it to prove sometihng it doesn't

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ordinary means

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required actions, have a moral obligation, must use ordinary means to preserve own life (2 types of means, extraordinary and ordinary)

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PAS

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someone gives you something s/a pills, information to end your life, doctor gives patient a prescription and the patient takes it

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Pat Sonnier

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first death row inmate Prejean meets, ended up being executed, Prejean feels that he has changed and pat ends up asking for forgiveness from LeBlanc and God

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Principle of double effect

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applies only in cases where one forsees that his/her action could or will have mixed effects (ie desirable and undesireable effects) Used to determine whether the bad effect is *direct* (in which case it is forbidden) or *indirect* (in which case, it may be permitted for a proportionate reason). To qualify as indirect, a proposed action must meet four criteria:
1. the act must not be intrinsically evil
2. the agent must intend the good effect rather than bad
3. the bad effect must be the means of acheiving the good effect
4. one must have a proportionate reason for permitting the bad effect

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Propportionality

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the damage to be conflicted and the cost of the war must be proportional to the outcome

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PSDA (Patient self determine act)

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you have the right to refuse treatment, even if that means your life is going to end

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reasonable hope of sucess

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must have a chance at winning the war

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retributive justice

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justice by punishment

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Robert Lee Willie

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2nd death row inmate Prejean meets with, is executed by the sate, murders and rapes a girl, rapes another girl and paralyzes a boy

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situation ethics

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developed by fletcher. Goal: adapt utilitarianism to religion, an action is right if it promotes christian love, wrong if it doesn't promote christian love

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social justice

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governs relationship between parts to the whole, based on contribution, common goal is necessary to everyone (3 types of catholic social thought: commutative, distributive, social)

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speculative knowledge*

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information, facts and knowledge that can help you make a descision

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theological virtues

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theological outlook on virtues (faith hope and love) (4 types of xtian ehtics: intellectual, moral, theological and cardinal)

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Toulmin and Jonsen

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involved in concention of bioethics, casistry (argument by analogy, rather than principle)

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virtue as the mean between extremes

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Aquinas' definition of moral virtues: the bait of choosingt the mean appointed by reason as a prudent person would identify that mean, the mean is the reasonable middle between 2 wxtreme froms of behavior

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ordinary means

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required actions, have a moral obligation, must use ordinary means to preserve own life (2 types of means, extraordinary and ordinary)

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PAS

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someone gives you something s/a pills, information to end your life, doctor gives patient a prescription and the patient takes it

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Pat Sonnier

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first death row inmate Prejean meets, ended up being executed, Prejean feels that he has changed and pat ends up asking for forgiveness from LeBlanc and God

Front 79

Principle of double effect

Back 79

applies only in cases where one forsees that his/her action could or will have mixed effects (ie desirable and undesireable effects) Used to determine whether the bad effect is *direct* (in which case it is forbidden) or *indirect* (in which case, it may be permitted for a proportionate reason). To qualify as indirect, a proposed action must meet four criteria:
1. the act must not be intrinsically evil
2. the agent must intend the good effect rather than bad
3. the bad effect must be the means of acheiving the good effect
4. one must have a proportionate reason for permitting the bad effect

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Propportionality

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the damage to be conflicted and the cost of the war must be proportional to the outcome

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PSDA (Patient self determine act)

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you have the right to refuse treatment, even if that means your life is going to end

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reasonable hope of sucess

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must have a chance at winning the war

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retributive justice

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justice by punishment

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Robert Lee Willie

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2nd death row inmate Prejean meets with, is executed by the sate, murders and rapes a girl, rapes another girl and paralyzes a boy

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situation ethics

Back 85

developed by fletcher. Goal: adapt utilitarianism to religion, an action is right if it promotes christian love, wrong if it doesn't promote christian love

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social justice

Back 86

governs relationship between parts to the whole, based on contribution, common goal is necessary to everyone (3 types of catholic social thought: commutative, distributive, social)

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speculative knowledge*

Back 87

information, facts and knowledge that can help you make a descision

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theological virtues

Back 88

theological outlook on virtues (faith hope and love) (4 types of xtian ehtics: intellectual, moral, theological and cardinal)

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Toulmin and Jonsen

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involved in concention of bioethics, casistry (argument by analogy, rather than principle)

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virtue as the mean between extremes

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Aquinas' definition of moral virtues: the bait of choosingt the mean appointed by reason as a prudent person would identify that mean, the mean is the reasonable middle between 2 wxtreme froms of behavior

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voluntarist approach*

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"from the will" it conforms to the will of teh person with the power to make the law

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PVS (persisten vegetated state)

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people who have lost the higher brain function in the frontal lobe, unconscious, but they are often breathing on their own

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restorative justive

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try to restore the victim, community and offender for their acts

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right intention

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goal must be to restore peace (1 type of ius ad bellum criteria)

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Slippery slope argument

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type of argument which if we permit X, Y is going to be the inevitable result. You can start inone place and end up in another

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social sin*

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conditions that influence our behavior in negativeways sometimes w/o even knowing it, 3 types of social sin:
Not aware (DMW example)
Somewhat aware (humans are good at not knowing what you don't want to know)
Deliberate and Exploitative: Demonagraphy: describing other people in demonic terms

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teleological

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theories based on an assumption that what makes an action right or wrong is its outcome

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Three-font theory

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the idea that there are three foundations of morality, look at the object, end, any relevant circumstances must be good

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ultilitariamism

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proposed by Mill, greatest good for the greatest number, justice is an action that does the greatest good for the greatest number

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Virtue

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a long lasting positve human characteristic, characteristics which endure over a long period of time

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virtue ehtics

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approach which starts with this question: what does it mean to be a good xtain? (or Jew). Is the goal consistent with community's goal and what it means to be like?