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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ethical Egoism
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The Principle that we should act as to promote our own interests
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Psychological Egoism
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What you are actually doing
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Author of Utilitarianism
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Jeremy Bentham
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What is Utilitarianism?
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Right or wrong based on best consequences for all parties.
“Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as the tend to produce the reverse of happiness" |
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Author of Deontological Ethics
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Immanuel Kant
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What is Deontological Ethics
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- Focuses on the rightness or wrongness on intentions or motives as opposed to the result of the consequences
- “Duty” - Categorical Imperative |
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What is Categorical Imperative
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- The standard for Kant’s absolute moral rules
- An action is unconditionally necessary as opposed to an action with a secondary motive or will. - It’s universal so the entire world must follow what you are trying to do - Ex: I will let you use my car……..if you give me give dollars |
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Animal Ethics: Utilitarianism
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o Better or worst
o Max happiness for humans, in that case it’s ok to harm animals o Bentham – concern for all species |
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Animal Ethics: Deontological
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o No direct obligation to animals
o But, mistreating animals may cause pain towards humans o No moral issue |
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Animal Ethics: Ethics of Care
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o Depends on past experience on relation
o No right or wrong |
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Animal Ethics: Virtue Ethics
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People have different virtues they live by
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Author of Ethics of Care
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Nel Noddings
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Ethics of Care Components
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- Emphasizes the mental state of the actor
- Circle of Carings - No right or wrong - Loose rules |
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Nel Nodding's Engrossment
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refers to thinking about someone in order to gain a greater understanding of them
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Nel Nodding's Harm Principle
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each individual can act as he wants, as long as those actions do not harm others
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Author of Feminist Ethics
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Nel Noddings
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Feminist Ethics
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Women are not inferior to men
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Virtue Ethics
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- Emphasizes character rather than rules or consequences. Emphasis on being rather than doing
- Living by virtues – what are the virtues you want to live by? - Everybody could take a different approach (or virtue) |
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Intergenerational Ethics
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Taking into account future generations
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Ecocentric Ethics
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Any ethics that places an emphasis on ecological wholes and moves away from individual plants and animals
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Cultural Relativism
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- Principle that an individual human’s beliefs and activities should be understood in terms of his or her own culture. The norms of ones culture hold supreme reign within the boundaries of it’s culture
- Principle that an individual human’s beliefs and activities should be understood in terms of his or her own culture. The norms of ones culture hold supreme reign within the boundaries of it’s culture - No ONE culture is correct - No universal standards |
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Inductive
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Specific -> General
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Deductive
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General -> Specific
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Author of Falsificationism
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Karl Popper
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Falsificationism
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- Science should be risky and bold, so that it can be falsified
- Falsified – to be proven wrong |
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Author of Methodological Anarchy/Epistemological Anarchy
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Paul Feyerabend
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What is M.A./E.A.?
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- Epistemological anarchism (same thing) = great scientists are this
- Anything goes - Motivate, not limit - Should not apply rules to science b/c it limits creativity |
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Kuhns Theory Components
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Normal Science -> Crisis -> Revolution -> New Paradigm
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Paradigm
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- Normal science follows current paradigms
- Set of interrelated theories, tools, techniques, research methods - How the world works - Community of scientist - Scientists are discouraged from criticizing it |
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Author of Research Programme
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Imre Lakatos
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Research Programme/Inner Core and Periphery
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- Attempted to resolve the perceived conflict b/t Popper and Kuhn’s structure of scientific revolution
- Inner core – Science works more like Kuhn’s description, core ideas are not easily abandoned - Periphery – Science works more like Popper, new hypothesis are tested and rejected on a regular basis - Both are right because they work and grow together |
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Strong Program
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o reaction against previous sociologies of science, which restricted the application of sociology to "failed" or "false" theories
o The strong programme proposed that both 'true' and 'false' scientific theories should be treated the same way |
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Community Studies
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Social process are important when understanding science
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Experimenter’s Regress
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Experiments never really conclusive/decisive because of unknown variables that can’t be controlled
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Identity
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The set of behavioral or personal characteristics by which an individual is recognizable as a member of a group.
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Boundary Work
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- There IS a boundary b/t science and non-science
- Fairly well defined, but changes over time - Scientific community polices the boundary line |
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Careers & Credit
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- Ph D = full member of community
- Journal articles/grants/publication = status - Technology does not worry about status - Technology is self-funding |
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Patronage
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- Science needs external support
- Patrons skew the work that gets done and have effect on results/outcome of study |
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Matthew Effect
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- Success earlier in career – results in later success over those you have no status
- Prominent names are recognized |
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Big Science
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- Postwar push to bigger and bigger experiments
- Ex: The Hubble Telescope |
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Author of the Scientific Method
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Francis Bacon
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Scientific Method
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- Orthodox view guided by scientific method
- Observing the natural world (empiricism) and drawing general principles from the many things we see (inductivism) |
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Religion & Science
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- Keep religion out of science
- Galileo = truth seeker, Church = anti-science tyrant |
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Gender & Science
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- Female scientists conduct themselves in characteristically female ways
- Not absolute: many exceptions to “female style” - Women less competitive; they find well defined area to focus on - Write less but get cited more |
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Technological Determinism
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- The idea that technology produces social change
- Atomic bomb led to the cold war and racist bridge builder |
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Technological Systems/Momentum
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- Easier to make changes earlier in the development of technology
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Social Constructivism
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- Society constructs ideas about what technology is
- Interpretive flexibility - Society shapes technology |
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Artifacts Have Politics (Technological Determinism…kind of)
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- Technology shaped by social and economic forces
- Do have political drive |
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Gender & Technology
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- We associate technology more with men
- Classify certain technologies as masculine or feminine |
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Technological Failure
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- Bad marketing, society isn’t ready, not economically feasible, bad demand, no demand, not competitive, not companies interest, moral conflict, crowded market place, technical problems, side effects
- Ex: Picture phone |
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Incommensurability
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not comparable
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Science
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- Understanding of the natural world
- It is open - must be shared, must be useful |
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Technology
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- Private
- Owned by somebody (Patent) - Trying to sell product - Artifact |
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Gender
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- Masculine vs. Feminine
- How you act instead of genetic |
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Progress
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Advancement
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John Stuart Mill's Theory
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The difference is that Bentham treats all happiness as equal, but Mills believes that intellectual and moral happiness are superior
- Ex: Pig and Socrates |
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John Stuart Mill is a what?
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Utilitarianist
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John Stuart Mill wrote what book?
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o The difference is that Bentham treats all happiness as equal, but Mills believes that intellectual and moral happiness are superior
- Ex: Pig and Socrates |
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Alasdair MacIntyre
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- Key figure in Virtue Ethics
- Has to do with character, rather than rules or consequences - Emphasis on being rather than doing |
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Peter Singer
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- Animal liberation
- Utilitarianism - Believes in minimizing suffering amonst animals. All beings capable of suffering are worth of equal consideration |
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Barry Barnes & David Bloor
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Strong Program guys – social process are important
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Robert Merton
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Wrote “The Matthew Effects in Science”
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Mario Biagiolo
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- Wrote “Galileo Courtier” – actual story of galileo
- Role of patronage – influence on his science |
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Langdon Winner
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Wrote “Do artifacts have politics”
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Ruth Schwartz Cowen
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Tang’s advisor – study on gas vs. electric refrigerator
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Lynn White
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Wrote “History Roots of our ecological crisis”
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Use of the Atomic Bomb
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After the trinity test was successful, some scientists were having 2nd thoughts b/c Germany had surrendered and were afraid of the aftermath/ use on people.
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Ethics of Design
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- Engineers/designers need to take into account long tern effects on society
- Ethical obligation from the beginning of a design |
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Environmental Ethics
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- Global climate change is a public debate
- Paradigm is that climate change is happening and his human impacted - Skeptics are shut out by journals/ do no receive research funds - Science to public policy |
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Einsteinian physics
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- Theory of Relativity (Einstein) –predictive light would bend as it passed large objects
- Makes specific concrete predictions that can be tested |
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Pluto
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- It’s small/distant/weird
- A binary planet? |
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Is Pluto a Planet?
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No.
- Scientific community voted on a new definition for PLANET. o Voted – tight definitions so public could understand (considered social factor/impact on society) |
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Cold Fusion/Pons & Fleischmann
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- Unusual scientific process – press conference, not publication
- Vague description/didn’t provide repeatability - Developed technology while experimenting science - Disproved, but still good work - Own scientific community - Boundary work o Chemistry vs. physics o Science vs. non-science |
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Manhattan Project
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- Top secret
- Scientific community: empowering - Total war mentality that everyone was a target - Justification – high death rate of US military/ exercising military muscle |
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First WW2 Bomb
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- Uranium bomb - Hiroshima
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Second WW2 Bomb
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Plutonium bomb – Nagasaki
- 2nd bomb dropping was controversial (given enough time to Japan?) |
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What is Gravitational Radiation?
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- Found in small amounts = hard to measure accurately
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Garwin & Webber
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- Made experiment that found gravitational radiation.
- Respected and well spoken in able to disprove idea - Webber’s experiment was non repeatable |
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Experimenter's Regress
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Can't control outcome
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Stirrup
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- Technological determinism
- Allowed for mounted shock combat o Able to move fast and have larger impacts - Max. # of knights, larger amount of serfs = feudalism - Created a new style of fighting – stable on the horse |
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Refrigerators (gas vs. electric)
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- Technology came out at the same time
Electric won b/c it was more convienent and made less noise |
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Picturephone
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- Technology 1960’s
- Seemed like an improvement, but failure (technological failure) - Society wasn’t ready for it |
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Robert Moses
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Overpasses in NY
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Overpasses in NY
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created low overpasses in NY so that busses couldn’t travel
o Limit travel of poor/blacks because they used public transportation (buses) - Created technology with a political purpose |
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Social Constructivism
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- Different social groups determine technology (status)
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Penny-farthing bicycle
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Ex: Social Constructivism
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Progress in technology
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Technology = Progress and Movement
- Result = society becomes excessive consumers, dependant on electricity |
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Examples of Progress in Technology
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Jenkins - Age of Technological Revolution
Adler - Dark Age of Innovation The Machine Stops |
