Ethics Terms #1

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the ethical principe which requires that each person be permitted self governance that is free from both controlling interference by others and limitations which prevent meaningful choice

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autonomy

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the branch of philosophy dealing with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends of such action

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ethics

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a persistent trait of good character. In aristotle's view, the virtues of temperance, courage, justice, wisdom and practical reason represented the excellent state of our emotional and intellectual faculities

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virtue

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what we ought do do or be

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normative ethics

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The study of the ethical beliefs that have been held by different groups of people in different plalces and times.

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Descriptive Ethics
or
Non-Normative Ethics

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The love of wisdom

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Philosophy

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The belief that ethical principles depend upon features that can vary at different times and in different places.

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Ethical Relativism

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The belief that one always ought to do what is in one's own self interest.

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Ethical Egoism

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Ethical theory that says what is right is what God commands.

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Divine Command Theory

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subset of normative ethics that focuses on ethical principles that apply throughout all situations

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ethical theory

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traits that are morally valued

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moral virtue

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a theory that holds that the right act is the one that creates more happiness thatn any other act available to the agent

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act utilitarianism

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a theory that holds that the right action is that which accords with a rule that maximizes happiness

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rule utilitarianism

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ethical dictate that applies to evey person unavoidably, regardless of what that person wants or desires

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categorical imperative

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the motive to do the right thing

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good will

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a comand or prescription that tells you to perform a certain action because you want something

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hypothetical imperative

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the ethical theory that holds that human beings should be viewed as members of a community with many interpersonal connections and attachments; also called care-based ethics or an ethics of caring

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feminism

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Responsibility to recognize and act on the rights of others

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Duties

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maintenance or administration of what is just especially by the impartial adjustment of conflicting claims or the assignment of merited rewards or punishments.

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Justice

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The ethical theory that looks at our actions and declares them right or wrong in themselves.
-Consequences are morally irrelevant
-Morality is thought of in terms of duty or obligation
-Most deontologists believe in ethical absolutes - moral actions are absolutely right or wrong

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deontology

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ranks theories. asks about the status of ethical claims, rather than the content.

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Metaethics

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sees moral world through your own cultural ethics lens, unable to see outside of it, prioritizes outside of it.

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Ethnocentrism

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there are laws that apply to everyone, they belong to the fabric of reality

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Moral Objectivism

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Laws are absolute, regardless of situation. moral laws that are concrete an apply to everyone

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Moral Absolutism

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The normative ethical view that says that actions are right if and good to the extent that they fulfill their true nature, bad insofar as they do not.

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Natural Law Theory

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a good that is good in and of itself. Goodness is an inherent quality the thing possesses.

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Intrinsic Goods

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something that is used to get to a good, even though it doesn’t have goodness as an inherent quality. Something used “in order to...”

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Instrumental Goods

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The goal is to pursue pleasure and avoid pain. There are two kinds of hedonism: sensual and satisfactionism.

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Hedonism

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General guidelines of ethical behavior

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Ethical Principles

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Theories base morality on factors other than the results of outcomes

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Non-consequential

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Basic Human Rights, John Loke

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Natural Rights

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a body of law or a specific principle held to be derived from nature and binding upon human society in the absence of or in addition to positive law

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natural law

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subjection to something else; especially : a lack of moral freedom or self-determination

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heteronomy

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the theory that human actions derive their moral worth solely from their outcomes or consequences.

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Consequentialist

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the philosopical doctrine that final causes, design, and purpose exist in nature.

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teleological

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the principle or practice of unselfish concern for or devotion to the welfare of others ( opposed to egoism ).

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altruism

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the philosophical system or doctrine of Epicurus, holding that the external world is a series of fortuitous combinations of atoms and that the highest good is pleasure, interpreted as freedom from disturbance or pain.

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Epicureanism