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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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SOCRATES
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1. WISE TO KNOW THAT YOU KNOW NOTHING OF IMPORTANCE
-->To fear death is to know it's a bad thing 2. Bad life not to question anything |
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SOCRATES: What 3 groups of people does Socrates reason he is wiser than?
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1. POLITICIANS: Wise in politics, but they think they are wise in areas they are not
2. POETS: They think they understand what they are writing better than av. person but they don't 3. CRAFTSMEN: Think they are wiser than they are |
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SOCRATES: What is wisdom and why is Socrates considered wise?
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WISDOM: To know nothing of importance
-He is neither wise with his wisdom or foolish with his folly -Oracle at Delphi says he is truly worth nothing in respect to wisdom, nothing of importance |
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SOCRATES: What are his 3 conclusions? His view on philosophy?
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1. Be indifferent to death: Worse to live as bad man than die just or unjust, to fear death is to know it's a bad thing
2. Gadfly Analogy: Sluggish horse waken by gadfly, Socrates wakes people up 3. He will not beg for life: Sent to where Olympians are sent based on justice, thinks death will be like a very deep sleep or journey to discover more PHILOSOPHY gives new way of thinking --> Bad life not to question anything |
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ARISTOTLE
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1. EUDAIMONIA
-->Happiness highest good, 3 components are virtue, pleasure, external goods 2. Human being's function is to act VIRTUOUSly by using REASON |
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ARISTOTLE: What is Eudaimonia and how do we achieve it?
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EUDAIMONIA: A flourishing life (happiness)
-Achieve by doing any activity that will lead to a further good -Person with eudamonia has stability |
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ARISTOTLE: What are the 4 popular beliefs of happiness, and how should we truly seek happiness? What are the 3 Components of Happiness?
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Popular beliefs are:
1. Pleasure- Too vulgar, too much can be bad 2. Honor- Depends too much on others 3. Virtue- Suffer, misfortunes 4. Wealth, Money- $ just meansto an end Happiness is the highest ground: Sought for the sake itself, not sought for the sake of something else, other things sought for the sake of it Components: 1. Virtue (using reason & virtuous actions) 2. Pleasure (enjoy being virtuous & doing virtuous acts) 3. External Goods (wealth, friends, political power) |
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ARISTOTLE: What is Aristotle's functional argument? What is a virtuous character and vice?
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If each body part has function, person's optimal use on Earth is REASON
Virtuous character: Can either be from youth doing virtuous actions or taught about virtue- pleasure/displeasure about the right things VICE: pleasure/displeasure about wrong things Human function: "the ACTIVITY of the soul in accord with REASON or requiring reason REASON: Feature that is distinctly human, to use reason well act virtuously |
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EPICTETUS
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1. Only need HAPPINESS and VIRTUE (having right impressions)
2. Only worry about things in your power -->Impressions, choices, actions |
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EPICTETUS: What are the only 2 things one needs?
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1. Happiness
2. Virtue |
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EPICTETUS: What is in our power and what is not?
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In our Power:
-Our own impressions (attitudes, judgments, most fundamental) -Our own choices (Sophie's choice) -Our own actions What is not: -Everything else (Death, people talking, etc.) --> We are confined to Earth and earthly body, vulnerable to all things not in power and cannot control others Ex) If your nose is running, then wipe it Ex) If you're being beheaded, do not die groaning Ex) Epictetus wants to see what Athlete has done with weights (shoulders), not weights |
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EPICTETUS: What are his ideas on freedom of choice and judgement of others?
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Freedom of choice: others can restrain your body but no one can restrain your will, things will happen as they do
Judgement of others: >Vice- Wrong impressions, pity >To KNOW good is to do it (virtue) Ex) "No one like me" --> who would like a person who complains? |
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IMMANUEL KANT
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1. Consequences do not matter
2. THE GOOD WILL -->Duty for the sake of moral duty 3. -->Hypothetical Imperative: Do X if you want Y -->Categorical Imperative: Do X |
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IMMANUEL KANT: What is "The Good Will"?
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-The will to do duty for the sake of duty, not merely in accordance with duty
-Consequences do not matter Ex) The shopkeeper does not cheat her customers for the sake of moral duty and moral worth --> NOT because fear of penalty or love |
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IMMANUEL KANT: What is an imperative and what are the main 2 imperatives?
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IMPERATIVE: An objective principle that constrains the will
1. Hypothetical Imperative (objective principle situational): Do X if you want Y 2. Categorical Imperative (not situational, always ABSOLUTE): Do X! -->Act only according to that maxim which you can at the same time will to be a universal law -->Always treat humanity as ends in themselves, never as mere means |
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JOHN STUART MILL
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UTILITARIANISM
-->Must act to provoke greatest good and be impartial to those affected |
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JOHN STUART MILL: What are the basics of Utilitarianism?
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MAXIMIZE HAPPINESS
1. The Greatest Happiness Principle: Actions are right if they provoke happiness, wrong if they produce opposite 2. Impartiality Principle: Agents must consider happiness/unhappiness of everyone affected by action --> cannot give more weight to yourself or loved ones |
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JOHN STUART MILL: What are 2 cases of Utilitarianism?
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1. The Trolley: Must steer trolley and kill one person to save 5 people
2. The Cave: Must kill one innocent person blocking cave hole to save 12 innocent trapped people |
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JOHN STUART MILL: What are the objections to Utilitarianism?
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-Fails to take rights seriously (Angry mob, organ "donor")
-Too cold in calculating |
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JEAN-PAUL SARTRE
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1. EXISTENTIALISM
--> Your actions give things value 2. TRANSCENDENCE: Ability to transcend circumstances through choices FACTICITY: Reality of one's circumstances |
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JEAN-PAUL SARTRE: What is Existentialism?
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In choosing, choose for all humankind
>Responsible for all the choices you made >Since you are free to choose, you are affirming value of whatever you choose 1. Must always take responsibility 2. If God does not exist, everything will be permitted 3. Limited to our actions- no grand design |
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JEAN-PAUL SARTE: How do you create value? Define transcendence and Facticity.
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Your ACTIONS give things value.
Transcendence: Human being's ability to transcend their circumstances through their choices Facticity: Reality of one's circumstances Ex) Woman on date, not into guy but lets him hold her hand -->Exageratting transcendence, denying facticity Ex) Cafe Waiter --> Denying his transcendence |
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JEAN-PAUL SARTRE: What are the objections to Sartre?
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- Irresponsible because it doesn't matter what you chose
-Entails people are unable to judge others |
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FRIEDRICK NIETZSCHE
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1. Origins of Good & Evil
2. Radical Transvaluation of Values |
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FRIEDRICK NIETZSCHE: What is the Aristocratic equation?
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Good = aristocratic = beautiful = happy = loved by the gods
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