Ethics In America

Front 1

Who is WD Ross?

Back 1

was a Scottish philosopher, known for work in ethics. His best known work is The Right and the Good (1930), and he is perhaps best known for developing a pluralist, deontological form of intuitionist ethics in response to G.E. Moore's intuitionism. However, Ross also critically edited and translated a number of Aristotle's works, and wrote on Greek philosophy.

Front 2

What is prima facia duties?

Back 2

a fact presumed to be true unless it is disaproved.

Front 3

List the 7 prima facia duties

Back 3

1.fidelity2.reparation3.gratitude4.non-injury5.benefience6.self improvement7. justice

Front 4

What is duty of fidelity

Back 4

Duties of fidelity are duties to keep one�s promises and contracts and not to engage in deception. Ross describes them as "those resting on a promise or what may fairly be called an implicit promise, such as the implicit undertaking not to tell lies which seems to be implied in the act of entering into conversation . . . or of writing books that purport to be history and not fiction

Front 5

what is duty of reparation

Back 5

Reparation. This is a duty to make up for the injuries one has done to others. Ross describes this duty as "resting on a previous wrongful act"

Front 6

what is duty of gratitude

Back 6

Gratitude. The duty of gratitude is a duty to be grateful for benefactions done to oneself and if possible to show it by benefactions in return.

Front 7

what is duty of non-injury

Back 7

Non-injury. The duty of non-injury (also known as non-maleficence) is the duty not to harm others physically or psychologically: to avoid harming their health, security, intelligence, character, or happiness. It also includes a duty to prevent injury to others

Front 8

what is duty of benefience

Back 8

The duty to do good to others: to foster their health, security, wisdom, moral goodness, or happiness. This duty, says Ross, "rests upon the fact that there are other beings in the world whose condition we can make better in respect of virtue, or of intelligence, or of pleasure"

Front 9

what is duty of self improvement

Back 9

The duty of self-improvement is to act so as to promote one�s own good, i.e., one�s own health, security, wisdom, moral goodness, and happiness. Ross himself mentions "virtue" or "intelligence" in this connection

Front 10

what is duty of justice

Back 10

The duty of justice requires that one act in such a way that one distributes benefits and burdens fairly. Ross himself emphasizes the negative aspect of this duty: he says that this type of duty "rests on the fact or possibility of a distribution of pleasure or happiness (or the means thereto) that is not in accord with the merit of the persons concerned; in such cases there arises a duty to upset or prevent such a distribution" (146). Thus the duty of justice includes the duty, insofar as possible, to prevent an unjust distribution of benefits or burdens.

Front 11

What is doctrine of double effect?

Back 11

The doctrine (or principle) of double effect is often invoked to explain the permissibility of an action that causes a serious harm, such as the death of a human being, as a side effect of promoting some good end. It is claimed that sometimes it is permissible to cause such a harm as a side effect (or 'double effect') of bringing about a good result even though it would not be permissible to cause such a harm as a means to bringing about the same good end. This reasoning is summarized with the claim that sometimes it is permissible to bring about as a merely foreseen side effect a harmful event that it would be impermissible to bring about intentionally

Front 12

what is an example of doctrine of double effect

Back 12

A doctor who intends to hasten the death of a terminally ill patient by injecting a large dose of morphine would act impermissibly because he intends to bring about the patient's death. However, a doctor who intended to relieve the patient's pain with that same dose and merely foresaw the hastening of the patient's death would act permissibly

Front 13

What is the golden rule?

Back 13

1.one should treat others as one would treat self.
2.One should not treat others in a ways that one would like not be treated

Front 14

Who is joel feinberg

Back 14

Joel Feinberg was an American political and social philosopher. He is known for his work in the fields of ethics, action theory, philosophy of law, and political philosophy as well as individual rights and the authority of the state

Front 15

What is harm principle

Back 15

holds actions of an individual should only be limited to prevent harm to other individual

Front 16

what is offense principle

Back 16

gives society the right to ban activities that are generally found offensive.

Front 17

what is paternalism

Back 17

refer to behavor by person,organization, or state which limits some persons liberty or autonomy for their good.

Front 18

what is legal moralism

Back 18

view that law can legitimately be use to prohibit behaviors that conflict society.

Front 19

what is moral pluralism

Back 19

is idea that there are several values which may be equally correct and fundamental and yet they are in conflict with each other

Front 20

What is implied contract

Back 20

a legally enforceable agreement that arises from conduct from assumed intentions from some relationship amoung imediate parties.

Front 21

what is best interest principle

Back 21

to provide guidance in deciding what options maybe reasonable considered as being the best interest of the patient

Front 22

From the perspective of medical professionals the four main guiding ethicial principles derived from common morality are

Back 22

benefience,nomalefience, justice, and automy

Front 23

What is principle of justice within a biomedical context

Back 23

refers to equal treatment of equal persons and fair allocations of resources.

Front 24

what is business ethics

Back 24

it examines ethicial principles and moral or ethicial problems that arise in business environment

Front 25

what is fiduciary

Back 25

a rise between trust and a beneficiary

Front 26

what is retributive justice

Back 26

punishment best response to crime

Front 27

what is restorative justice

Back 27

repair the harm they did

Front 28

what is distributive justice

Back 28

available quanities of goods

Front 29

what is moral objectivism

Back 29

contends to that moral judgements are objectively true or objectively false.

Front 30

what is belmont report

Back 30

attempts to summarized the basic ehtical principle identify by commission in the course of its deliberation

Front 31

why was belmont report created

Back 31

response to problems caused by tuskegee syphillis study. 400 disadvantage poorly educated blacks was used without consent or knowledge to study the course of a well known treatable disease.

Front 32

what are kant's two form of ethics

Back 32

consequentialism and deontology

Front 33

what is consequentialism

Back 33

based on actions. ends jusify the means

Front 34

what is deontology

Back 34

is where consequences of action doesnt really matter because moral judgement is contained in act alone

Front 35

what is the 3 maxiums of kants categorical imperative

Back 35

1. university2.ends to means3.king of means

Front 36

what is university

Back 36

all action must have this you can only do something if everyone else did it all the time

Front 37

what is ends to means

Back 37

every person should be treated with an ends to a means. you never allow to manipulate anyone

Front 38

what is king of means

Back 38

you should behave in a way like your a moral rolemodel

Front 39

aristole identified things in 4 clauses

Back 39

1.matter2.form3.source or effient cause4. final cause

Front 40

What are the differences between epicurus and zeno

Back 40

epicurus- hedonism, pleasure is good and desire is bad and death is end of both which is good.
zeno-stoicism, pleasure is virtue and bad was vice, view pleasure as bad because it is unrealistic exspectation