Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
who is thucydides?
|
was an athenian from a rich family
|
|
|
who was he related to
|
athenian general miltiades, who lead the atenians against the persians at marthon
|
|
|
thucydides became a what
|
a general in athenian army
|
|
|
what role did thucydides play in peloponnesian war and what became of it
|
he lead troops in pelponnesian war with sparta in late 400s but when he lost battle the democratic government exiled him for the rest of the war.
|
|
|
what did thucydides do when exiled
|
he left athens and spent the rest of war writing a book on how war started and what happened during war and why spartians finally won.
|
|
|
What made thucydides work famous
|
he made some big advances in historical methods.
|
|
|
what are those historical methods
|
1. try to find out facts from trust worthy sources. especially people who was there.
2.he try to figure out why these things happen without saying it was fate or because gods were angry. 3.he wasnt just interested in peloponnesian war for its own sake, he tryed to use the events of the war to figure out more general things about why people act the way they do |
|
|
what did thucydides see history as
|
the matter of politics and warfare and hardly ever reported on womens history, economic history or scientific advances.
|
|
|
what kind of historian was thucydides
|
report long speeches that nobody could have written down or remembered
|
|
|
Who is socrates
|
first of the 3 greatest athenian philosophers
|
|
|
when was socrates born
|
in athens in 469, lived in the time of athienian empire
|
|
|
what did socrates do in peloponnesian war
|
fought bravely for athens
|
|
|
what happen to socrates when he turned 40
|
began to feel the urge to think about the world around him and try to answer some difficult questions
|
|
|
What was some of the things socrates would ask
|
what is wisdom, what is beauty, what was right thing to do. he would go around athens and ask random people these questions
|
|
|
what was the people reaction to this
|
people told him that they was to busy. he made people mad and they even tryed beating him up. and soon had a group of men listen to him
|
|
|
what was the purpose of him asking these questions
|
he was trying to teach the to think better by asking them more questions which showed them the problems in their logic
|
|
|
amoung the group of men that listened to him who was the other athien philosopher
|
plato
|
|
|
what happened in 399 bc
|
some athenians got mad at socrates for what he was teaching and charged him with impiety and corrupting the youth
|
|
|
what was the result of trail
|
charge with death by poison
|
|
|
who is plato
|
known today as the greatest philosopher of all time
|
|
|
where was plato born
|
born in athens in 429 bc to a weathy and astrocratic family
|
|
|
when plato was a young man he met what famous philosopher
|
socrates
|
|
|
what influence did socrates have on plato
|
he learned about how to think and what questions to think about
|
|
|
what was plato reaction to socrates death
|
he was very upset and and started to write down what he remembered from socrates speeches
|
|
|
after awhile he stop writing down socrates ideas and did what
|
write down his own ideas
|
|
|
what did plato think about people and government
|
he thought plato would be better government then athiens and people was pretty stupid and should not be allowed to vote
|
|
|
what did plato think they should do with voting
|
the best people be gaurdians of the rest
|
|
|
what is plato allergory of the cave
|
inside a cave man was imprisioned and all they seen was shadows. Ask questions would they believe these shadows is all that existed and was real. and if got out of cave and seen real people and surroundings and went back to cave to report findings. would the other men think he was crazy or believe him
|
|
|
what did plato think of outside world
|
he thought every thing had sort of idea form. like the idea of a chair, and then an actual chair was a sort of poor imitation of the ideal chair that only exist in your mind
|
|
|
who is aristole
|
founder of an approach to philosophy that starts from observation and experience prior to abstract thinking
|
|
|
where was aristole born
|
was born in stagira in 384 bc
|
|
|
what did aristole father do
|
was nicomachus, a doctor who lived near macedon
|
|
|
when aristole was a young man where did he go to study
|
studied at plato academy and done well there
|
|
|
after plato died what happened
|
the leaders of the school chose someone else than aristole to lead the academy and made him very upset
|
|
|
what did aristole do when this happened
|
aristole left athens and went to be the tutor for young prince alexander(alexander the great)
|
|
|
after alexander grew up and became the king. aristole did what
|
went back to athens and opened his own school there the lyceum in competition with plato academy.
|
|
|
what else was aristole interested in
|
biology in classifying plants and animals in a way that made sense. he created a classification system of monarhcies, oligarchies,tyrannies, democracies, and republics that is still used today
|
|
|
what happened when alexander died
|
there was a revolt against macedonian rule in athens and aristole was accused of being secretly on side of the macedonia. he quickly left town and spent his last years where he was born.
|
|
|
philosophy traditions are divided into two traditions, what are they?
|
western and eastern
|
|
|
what is western philosophy
|
is decribed as the development of philosophies ideas that orginated in ancient greece and was divided in 4 main periods
|
|
|
what is the 4 main periods of western philosophy
|
ancient,medieval, modern, or contemporary philosophy
|
|
|
what is 4 main periods of western philosophy
|
ancient, medieval, modern, and contemporary philosophy
|
|
|
when did ancient western philosophy begin
|
began in greece around 585 bc with thales
|
|
|
who is thales
|
was an early greek philosopher
|
|
|
what is ancient philosophy
|
Ancient Greek philosophy arose in the 6th century BCE and continued through the Hellenistic period, at which point Ancient Greece was incorporated in the Roman Empire. It dealt with a wide variety of subjects, including political philosophy, ethics, metaphysics, ontology, logic, biology, rhetoric, and aesthetics.
|
|
|
who are presocratic philosopher
|
thales, heraclitus, empedocles,zeno,anaxagoras, leucippus and democritus
|
|
|
who are socratic and later ancient philosophers
|
socrates,plato, aristole, diogenes, and epicurus
|
|
|
what is medieval philosophy
|
focused on proof and knowledge of god
|
|
|
what are some medieval philosophers
|
saint augustine, boeinius, saint anselm, and saint thomas aquinas
|
|
|
what is modern philosopy
|
consist of a mix of new approaches to philosophy fueled by science, rejections of religious teachings, and defense of religion base on the new evidence
|
|
|
the period of modern philosophy is marke by what
|
development of science and art in which the catholic church is beginning to lose power in europe that is developing intellectually and emotionally
|
|
|
what is contemporary philosophy
|
refers to the currently era of philosophy generally dealing with philosophers from late nineteenth century to the twenty-first
|
|
|
what is eastern philosophy
|
Eastern philosophy includes the various philosophies of Asia, including Indian philosophy, Chinese philosophy, Iranian philosophy, Japanese philosophy, Korean philosophy, Arab philosophy and Jewish philosophy. The division is not purely geographic but also stems from general hermeneutic and conceptual differences that lay between Eastern and Western traditions
|
|
|
what is moral law
|
Moral law is a system of guidelines for behavior. These guidelines may or may not be part of a religion, codified in written form, or legally enforceable. For some people moral law is synonymous with the commands of a divine being. For others, moral law is a set of universal rules that should apply to everyone.
|
|
|
who is epictetus
|
is a greek sage and stoic philosopher and was a slave
|
|
|
epictetus aquired passion for philosophy and did what
|
with permission of his owner he studied stoic philosophy under musonius rufus.
|
|
|
what did epictetus do after his education
|
began to teach philosophy in rome
|
|
|
in 93 AD what did epictetus do when emperor domitian banded all philosophers from the city.
|
he traveled to nicopolis in epirus, greece, where he found philosophical school.
|
|
|
what is stoics
|
stoics were concerned with the active relationship between cosmic determinism and human freedom and the belief that it is virtuous to maintain a will that is acordance with nature
|
|
|
who was epictetus famous student
|
arrian
|
|
|
what did arrian do for epictetus
|
transcribed and compiled epictetus discource and also compiled a popular digest, entiled enchiridion (hand book) in preface to discources, addresses to ludus gellius
|
|
|
who is aquinas
|
was greatest medieval philosopher. he tried to show the harmony between faith and reason, and between christianity and philosophy. his view was very influential
|
|
|
aquinas uses the term "natural law" to refer to
|
morality or moral law
|
|
|
how does aquinas view law
|
a rational attempt to guide action. a law is a prescription that we act or not act it may alos exist in us as an inclination to act incertain ways. A law must be made promulgated by those in charge of the community.
|
|
|
there are four kinds of law, what are they
|
eternal,natural, human, and divine law
|
|
|
what is eternal law
|
god governs the universe through physical laws, moral laws and revealed religious laws
|
|
|
what is natural law
|
applies to human choice and can be known by our natural reason
|
|
|
what is human law
|
(civil law) we create our own laws, in order to apply the natural law to the specific circumstances of our society
|
|
|
what is divine law
|
(biblical law) in bible, God reveals a special law to guide us to our supernatural end of eternal happiness with him
|
|
|
what is 1st principle of natural law
|
self-evident truths resemble the first principle of speculative reason
|
|
|
Who is Hobbes
|
english philosopher, father of modern political philosophy
|
|
|
what is hobbes main concern of the world
|
problem of social and political order how human beings can live together in peace and avoid the danger and fear of civil conflicts
|
|
|
what book did hobbes published in 1651
|
leviathan, it established the foundation for most of western policital philosophy from the perspective of social contract theory.
|
|
|
What is leviathan
|
was written during english civil war Hobbes argues for a social contract and rule by an absolute sovereign. He wrote that chaos or civil war – situations identified with a state of nature and the famous motto Bellum omnium contra omnes ("the war of all against all") – could only be averted by strong central government.
|
|
|
what is state of nature
|
hobbes would think about what life would be like without a government. In that state, each person would have a right or license to everything in world
|
|
|
who is john locke
|
british liberal philosopher
|
|
|
what is lockes theory of ethics
|
3 general laws applicable to the behavior of human kind and each is followed by 3 sets of different enforcement, rewards and punishment
|
|
|
List lockes laws
|
1.divine law
2.civil law and law enforcement 3.opinion and reputation |
|
|
what is lockes divine law
|
locke view law as designed and given by God, who in his goodness and wisdom would want the best for human.
|
|
|
what is lockes civil law and law enforcement
|
set up of rules and enforcements by government bodies, such as legal courts and police.
|
|
|
what is lockes law of opinion and reputation
|
these are maxims usually held by a large group of society, which are often passed on from generation to generation. example: honesty is the best policy
|
|
|
Who is Jean-Jacques Rousseau
|
swish born philosopher of the enlightenment, pioneer of the romantic movement in continental philosophy.
|
|
|
What is Rousseau famous for
|
His books: the social contract, Emile, discourse on the orgin of inequality and confessions. And state of war
|
|
|
what is rousseau view on society?
|
he invisions a liberated society. He argue that people live in social groups that their freedom to follow their own interest must be limited to the general will of the group
|
|
|
what is the social contract
|
"Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains." Because these chains are not found in the state of nature, they must be constructions of convention. Rousseau thus seeks the basis for a legitimate, political authority in which people must give up their natural liberty. He sets two conditions for a lawful polity and creates several clauses to ensure that they are carried out. First, there must be no relationships of particular dependence in the state, and second, by obeying the laws, an individual only obeys himself.
|
|
|
Rousseau's solution to the problem of legitimate authority is
|
the "social contract," an agreement by which the people band together for their mutual preservation. This act of association creates a collective body called the "sovereign." The sovereign is the supreme authority in the state, and has its own life and will. The sovereign's interest, or the "general will," always promotes the common good. This is in contrast to the private will of each citizen, which strives only for personal benefit.
|
|
|
what is Rousseaus discourse in the orgin of inequality
|
Rousseau discusses two types of inequality, natural or physical and ethical or political. Natural inequality involves differences between one man's physical strength and that of another
|
|
|
who is Thomas Jefferson
|
american political leader
|
|
|
What was Jefferson views
|
he believed idea america would consist of a county of small farmers and craftmen. He was suspicious of standing armies, foreign alliances and banks and manufactoring.
|
|
|
Jefferson believe that people are
|
inherently good and given chance will do the right thing
|
|
|
Who is kant
|
a german philosopher. born and died in konigsberg prussia. studied philosophy at universisty there and later became professor of philosophy
|
|
|
kant was famous for his 3 treaties, which are
|
1.critique of pure reason
2.critique of practice reason 3. critique of judgement |
|
|
What is critique of pure reason
|
He was concerned to justify metaphysics as a legitimate subject of inquiry. he set out to determine the limits and correct use of reasons to bring out into disrepute between the rationalists and the empiricist
|
|
|
what are categories?
|
terms of 12 fundamental judgement. which are substance,cause and effect, reciprocity, necessity, possiblity, existence,totality, unity, plurality, limitation, reality and negation.
|
|
|
what is forms of intution
|
were imposed on phenomenial experience by the human mind in order to make sense of it.
|
|
|
what is critique of practical reason
|
deal with problems of ethics. dicussed relationship between morality and reason, duty and God. he claimed to have dicovered a universal moral law which he called " the categorical imperative"
|
|
|
who is josiah royce
|
one of most influential philosophers of period of classical american philosophy
|
|
|
what was royce major work
|
the religious aspect of philosophy, the world and the individual, the spirit of mordern philosophy, the philosophy of loyality, and the problem of christianity
|
|
|
Who is martin luther king.
|
was an america clergy man, activist, and prominent leader in african american civil rights movement.
|
|
|
what is king know for
|
role in advancement of civil rights, using nonviolent methods following the teachings of Gandhi.
|
|
|
what other things King has done
|
led montgomery bus boycott and help found the southern christian leadership conference, serving as its 1st president. I have a dream speech 1963.
|
|
|
who iw john rawls
|
american philosopher and a leading figure in moral and political philosophy
|
|
|
What is theory of justice
|
published in 1971 it was most important work in moral philosophy since end of wwII
|
|
|
what is justice as fairness
|
rawls conception of fairness
|
|
|
What is two main principle of justice as fairness
|
1. liberty and equality2. subdivided in fair equality of opportunity and the difference principle
|
|
|
What is 1st principle
|
liberty principle-every individual has equal rights to basic liberties
|
|
|
What did rawls view as basic liberty
|
Personal property, personal belongings, a home.
|
|
|
what is 2nd principle
|
the equality principle- is component of justice as fairness established distrubutive justice
|
|
|
what is theory of justice
|
social and econmomic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both: 1. to the greatest benefit of the least advantage, consistent with the just saving principle and 2. attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity
|
|
|
what is equality of opportunity
|
this principle maintains "offices and positions" should be open to any individual, regardless of his or her social background, ethnicity or sex.
|
|
|
what is difference principle
|
it regulates inequalities, it only permits inequalities that work to the advantage of worse off.
|
|
|
who is nozick
|
american political philosopher and professor at havard university
|
|
|
what is nozick best know for
|
his book anarchy, state, and utopia(1974) which was a libertarian answer to john rawls a theory of justice. his other work involved decision theory and epistemology
|
|
|
what was anarcy, state, and utopia about
|
in opposition to a theory of justice and debate with michael walzer. Nozick argues in favor of a minimal state, "limited to the narrow functions of protection against force, theft, fraud, enforcement of contracts and so on. He believes when a state takes on more responsiblities than these, rights will be violated.
|
|
|
what is decision theory
|
identifing values of uncertainties and other issues of relevant. In a given decision, it rationally, and the resulting optimal decision.
|
|
|
what is epistemology
|
is a branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge.
|
|
|
What questions deos epistemology address
|
what is knowledge, how is knowledge acquired, and what extent is possible for a given subject or enitity to be known.
|
|
|
what is consequential ethics
|
is belief what ultimately matters in evaluating actions or policies of action are the consequences that result from choosing one action or policy rather than the alternative.
|
|
|
what is utilitarianism
|
is a theory in mormative ethics holding that the proper course of action is the one that maximizes overall "happines"
|
|
|
what is early ulititarianism
|
importance of happiness as an end for humans has long been recognized. form of hedonism were put forward by aristippus and epicurus.
|
|
|
who is epicurus
|
ancient greek philosopher and founder of school of philosophy called epicurreanism
|
|
|
what was epicurus purpose of philosophy
|
to attain the happy, tranquil life characterized by ataraxia_ peace and freedom from fear and aponia- the absence of pain and by living a self-sufficient life surrounded by friends
|
|
|
what did epicurus teach
|
pleasure and pain are measures of what is good and evil, death is the end of both body and soul and therefore not to be feared. He believe that the gods didnt reward or punish humans, the universe is infinte and eternal and events in the world are ultimately based on the motion and interactions of atoms moving in empty space.
|
|
|
what are some of epicurus works
|
surviving works are 3 letters and 2 group of quotes
|
|
|
Who is adam smith
|
a scottish social philosopher and political economist, often accepted as the founder of mordern understanding of economics
|
|
|
what are some of adam smith famous works
|
an inquiry into the nature and classes of wealth of nations
|
|
|
Smith is mostly known as
|
individualist thinker because his self interest concept, some of his ideas such as concept of sympathy and mutual sympathy are accepted close to the concept of "utility" by some authorities
|
|
|
What is smiths concept of sympathy and mutual sympathy
|
he believes that all humans place themselves in other people places and experience their pain or happiness
|
|
|
what was smiths view on utility
|
its is our nature to think also of other people because we are social beings and no matter how selfish we are, we will still share other peoples emotions due to effect of sympathy.
|
|
|
Who is jeremy bentham
|
english philosopher and political radical and founder of utilitarianism. he believes that interest of the individual are at one with society.
|
|
|
what is bentham primary known for
|
moral philosophy esp. his principle of utilitarianism which evaluates actions based upon their consequences
|
|
|
what are these consequences
|
are the overall happiness created for everyone affected by the action
|
|
|
what are the 3 principle characteristics of which constitute the basis of bethhams
|
1. greatest hapiness principle2.universal egoism3. the artificial indentification of ones interest with those of others
|
|
|
who is Ayn Rand
|
russian-american novelist, philosopher, playwriter and screen writer
|
|
|
what is objectivism
|
the concept of man as a heroic being with his own happiness as the moral purpose of his life with productive achievement as his noblest activity and reason as his only absolute.
|
|
|
Rand considered objectivism as what?
|
systemic philosophy and laid out positions on 1.metaphysics, 2.epistemology,3. ethics, 4.political philosophy and 5.esthetics
|
|
|
1.metaphysics
|
rand supported philosophical realism and opposed anything she regarded as mysticism or supernatural including all forms of religion
|
|
|
2.epistemology
|
she considered all knowledge to be based on sense perception, the validity of when she considered axiomatic and reason. she didnt believe in instinct, intution, revelation, or any form of just knowing.
|
|
|
3.ethics
|
she argued for rational egoism as guiding moral principle
|
|
|
4. political philosophy
|
emphasized individual rights (including property rights) considered laissez-faire capitalism the only moral social system based on the protection of those rights
|
|
|
5. Esthetics
|
she defined as a selective re-creation of reality according to an artist metaphysical value judgements
|
|
|
What are some of Rand's notable works
|
her novels the fountain head and atlas shrugged. These novels changed people lives because the characters was about overcome difficulties, believe in themselves, refuse to give up
|
|
|
what is femine ethics
|
is an approach to ethics that builds the belief that traditionally ethicial theorizing has under-values or under-appreciated womens moral experience and it therefore chooses the reimagine ethics through a holistic feminist approach to transform it.
|
|
|
Who is carol Giligian
|
is a american feminist and psychologist best know for her work with and against lawerace kohlberg on ethical community and ethical relationships and certain subject-object problems in ethics.
|
|
|
Carol was best know for her work_.
|
In a different voice, gillian studied women's psychology and girls development and co-authored or edited number of texts with her students.
|
|
|
Who is Nel Noddings?
|
American feminist, educationalist, and philosopher best known for her work in philosophy of education, educational theory, and ethics of care.
|
|
|
what are some of nel nodding works
|
Books- 1. A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education (1984) followed close on the 1982 publication of Carol Gilligan’s ground-breaking work in the ethics of care In a Different Voice. 2.Women and Evil
|
|
|
what are Nel 3 suggestion for caring
|
She argues that the carer (one-caring) must exhibit engrossment and motivational displacement, and the person who is cared for (cared-for) must respond in some way to the caring
|
|
|
who does nel describe wrong actions?
|
"a diminishment of the ethical ideal" and "evil". A person's ethical ideal is diminished when she either chooses or is forced to act in a way that rejects her internal call to care.
|
|
|
In Nel's ethic of care model what are the criteia for deciding it as a want or need.
|
■The want is fairly stable over a considerable period of time and/or it is intense.
■The want is demonstrably connected to some desirable end or, at least, to one that is not harmful; further, the end is impossible or difficult to reach without the object wanted. ■The want is in the power (within the means) of those addressed to grant it. ■The person wanting is willing and able to contribute to the satisfaction of the want. |
