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64 Cards in this Set
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Normative ethics |
Study of ethics of ethical action. It is a branch that investigates the set of questions that arise when considering how one ought to act morally speak |
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Applied ethics |
Uses philosophy to identify the morally correct course of action in everyday life |
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Metaethic |
Explores status foundation and scope of moral values properties and words. Focuses on morality itself |
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Immanuel kant |
German philosopher who is considered the central figure of modern philosophy. He contributes to metaphysics epistemology ethics and aesthetics |
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Moral values |
Standards of good and evil which govern an individual's behavior and choices |
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Utilitarianism |
Theory in normative ethics holding that the best moral action is the one that maximizes utility (wellbeing of sentient entities) |
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Ideal utilitarianism |
A utilitarianism theory which denies that the sole object of moral concern is the maximizing of pleasure or happiness |
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Preference utilitarianism |
Entails promoting actions that fulfill the interests (preferences) of those beings involved |
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Absolutism |
The acceptance of belief in absolute principles in philosophical matters |
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Relativism |
Belief that knowledge, truth, and morality exist in relation to culture, society, or historical context, and are not absolute. |
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Objectivism |
Moral law is un created and eternal not subject to any will, divine or human |
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Religion |
Necessary to live ethically |
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Moral relativism |
Moral judgements are true or false only relative to some particular standpoint and that no standpoint is uniquely privileged over all others |
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Cultural relativism |
An individuals persons belief and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individuals own culture |
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Nihilism |
Rejection of all religions and moral principles often in belief that life is meaningless |
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Feminist philosophy |
Refers to philosophy from a feminine approach |
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Skeptism |
Philosophical position that one should refrain from making truth claims and avoid the postulation of final truth |
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socrates |
ethical system based on human reason rather than theological doctrine. He pointed out that human choice was motivated by the desire for happiness. Ultimate wisdom comes from knowing oneself. The more a person knows, the greater his or her ability to reason and make choices that will bring true happiness.
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plato |
The supreme Idea is the Idea of the Good, whose function and place in the world of Ideas is analogous to that of the sun in the physical world
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stocism |
greek word "stoa," referring to a colonnade, such as those built outside or inside temples, around dwelling-houses, gymnasia, and market-places. They were also set up separately as ornaments of the streets and open places.
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declaration of human rights |
rights to which all human beings are inherently entitled
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code of hammurabi |
comprehensive set of laws, considered by many scholars to be the oldest laws established; they were handed down four thousand years ago by King Hammurabi of Babylon. Although the Code of Hammurabi was essentially humanitarian in its intent and orientation, it contained the "eye for an eye" theory of punishment, which is a barbarian application of the concept of making the punishment fit the crime.
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marxism |
form the basis for the theory and practice of communism.
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immanuel kant |
categorical imperative; only rational beings are able to act freely so only humans have intrinsic moral worth
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deolontological ethics |
morality stems from duties
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natural law |
Natural Law The regulations placed on moral principles and moral reasoning are objective and originate from the biological/ natural aspects of humans and the natural world.
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jeremy bentham |
father of utilitarianism
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John Stuart Mill
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follower of Jeremy Bentham; his most important task was to avoid criticism that utilitarianism is entirely hedonistic and does away with justice and varying levels of good
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virtue |
a good character trait, typically involving the disposition to feel, think, and act in certain morally good ways
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theories of punishment |
utilitarian theory of punishment seeks to punish offenders to discourage, or "deter," future wrongdoing. The retributive theory seeks to punish offenders because they deserve to be punished.Read more: Punishment - Theories Of Punishment - Utilitarian, Society, Theory, and Criminal - JRank Articles http://law.jrank.org/pages/9576/Punishment-THEORIES-PUNISHMENT.html#ixzz47yEiHY4h
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copyright |
he exclusive legal right, given to an originator or an assignee to print, publish, perform, film, or record literary, artistic, or musical material, and to authorize others to do the same.
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trademark |
a symbol, word, or words legally registered or established by use as representing a company or product.
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patents |
a government authority or license conferring a right or title for a set period, especially the sole right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention.
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creative commons |
enables the sharing and use of creativity and knowledge through free legal tools
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tom regan |
an American philosopher who specializes in animal rights theory.
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case for animal rights |
Regan argues that non-human animals bear moral rights. His philosophy aligns broadly within the tradition of Immanuel Kantky
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kyoto protocols |
international treaty among industrialized nations that sets mandatory limits on greenhouse gas emissions.
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biocenterism |
the view or belief that the rights and needs of humans are not more important than those of other living things.
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euthanasia voluntary |
is the practice of ending a life in a painless mann
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involuntary euthanasia |
is performed on a person who would be able to provide informed consent, but does not, either because they do not want to die, or because they were not asked.
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ontology |
branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of being.
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epistemology |
theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its methods, validity, and scope. Epistemology is the investigation of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion.
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logic |
reasoning conducted or assessed according to strict principles of validity."experience is a better guide to this than deductive logic"
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metaphysics |
first principles of things, including abstract concepts such as being, knowing, substance, cause, identity, time, and space.
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nichomachean ethics |
Aristotle's best-known work on ethics.
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telos |
an end or purpose, in a fairly constrained sense used by philosophers such as Aristotle
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ten commandments |
are laws or rules handed down to Moses by God on Mount Sina
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natural law theory |
what is good and evil, according to Aquinas, is derived from the rational nature of human beings. Good and evil are thus both objective and universal.
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moral institutions |
our intuitive awareness of value, or intuitive knowledge of evaluative facts, forms the foundation of our ethical knowledge.
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thomas hobbes human nature |
our animal nature, leaving each of us to live independently of everyone else, acting only in his or her own self-interest, without regard for others.
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john rawls and basic liberties |
Each person has an equal right to a fully adequate scheme of equal basic liberties which is compatible with a similar scheme of liberties for all.
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rene descartes |
father of Modern Philosophy.” This title is justified due both to his break with the traditional Scholastic-Aristotelian philosophy prevalent at his time and to his development and promotion of the new, mechanistic sciences.
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rights theory |
basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are considered to be entitled, often held to include the rights to life, liberty, equality, and a fair trial, freedom
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duty theory |
normative ethical position that judges the morality of an action based on the action's adherence to a rule or rules. It is sometimes described as "duty-" or "obligation-" or "rule-" based ethics, because rules "bind you to your duty."
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virtue theory |
one that emphasizes the virtues, or moral character
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consequentialist theory |
emphasizes the consequences of actions
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deontological ethics |
in contrast to the approach which emphasizes duties or rules
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divine command theory |
proposes that an action's status as morally good is equivalent to whether it is commanded by God.
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ethics |
moral principles that govern a person's or group's behavior.
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immanuel kant kingdom of ends |
composed entirely of rational beings, whom Kant defines as those capable of moral deliberation (though his definition expands in other areas) who must choose to act by laws that imply an absolute necessity. It is from this point of view that they must judge themselves and their actions.
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g.e. moore |
Moore’s claims about “good” indicated that it was not merely indefinable, but unknowable by any scientific or “natural” means. Together with a scientistic outlook that restricted either the knowable or the existent to the scientifically verifiable, this yielded the view that “good” was unknowable.
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synderesis principle |
technical term from scholastic philosophy, signifying the innate principle in the moral consciousness of every person which directs the agent to good and restrains him from evil.
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social tradition |
they are customs everyone can relate to, they help keeping the society together by making people feel close to each other.
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19th century idealist g.w.f hegel |
asserted that in order for the thinking subject (human reason or consciousness) to be able to know its object (the world) at all, there must be in some sense an identity of thought and being absolute idealism
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