Ethics

Front 1

empirical proposition

Back 1

proposition describing a state of affairs which we perceive through the senses

Front 2

moral proposition

Back 2

proposition containing an ethical judgement

Front 3

universal causation

Back 3

a synonym for determinism

Front 4

fatalism

Back 4

future events are beyound our control

Front 5

soft determinism

Back 5

there are no uncaused events but some causation originates with humans

Front 6

indeterminism

Back 6

at least some events are uncaused

Front 7

retributive justice

Back 7

people should get what they deserve regaurdless of consequences

Front 8

distibutive justice

Back 8

good and bad things should be divided amoung people on a just and fair basis

Front 9

normative ethics

Back 9

aims to prescribe it searches for norms of authoritive standards of what ought to be 

Front 10

determinism

Back 10

every result, effect, or event has a cause

Front 11

descriptive ethics

Back 11

it is like sociology it aims to discover what moral beliefs are held in a culture

Front 12

ethics

Back 12

moral philosophy an attempt to answer questions about human life and experiences

Front 13

justice

Back 13

refers to the granting of those things that are rightfully due.            charity might be thought of as going beyond justice

Front 14

situational ethics

Back 14

killing is wrong unless someone is breaking into your home.             lying is wrong unless you are a polatican

Front 15

ethical relativism

Back 15

no objective right or wrong 2 types. 1 individual/personal what I believe or feel 2 social/cultural norms of society or cultural views

Front 16

non-relativism

Back 16

there is an objective right or wrong

Front 17

ethical evaluations

Back 17

descriptive (empirical) beliefs. prescriptive (moral) value judgements

Front 18

individual ethical egoism

Back 18

"oughts"  looks out for your own best interests

Front 19

universal ethical egoism

Back 19

everyone should seek out their own best interest. (what will benifit themselves)

Front 20

post-conventional

Back 20

do the moral right thing to do      ( higher level of reasoning)

Front 21

pre-conventional

Back 21

reason according to social/ societies law.    (have to follow the rules)

Front 22

conventional

Back 22

self centered minimize punishment    ( do what you have to do to keep for getting punished)

Front 23

Kohlberg Lawrence

Back 23

experiments dealing with moral reasoning ( used only male subjects) (one sided)

Front 24

feminist ethics of care

Back 24

focuses on individualized moral judgements (mothering)

Front 25

egoism

Back 25

center on self and self pleasure, desire, needs 2 types 1 psychological (decriptive) people are basically self centered and selfish , act in own self interest 2 ethical (normative) what people ought to do.

Front 26

ethical relativism

Back 26

no objective right or wrong.

Front 27

individual/personal relativism

Back 27

what I believe or feel

Front 28

social/cultural relativism

Back 28

norms of society or cultural views

Front 29

non-relativism

Back 29

there is an objective right or wrong

Front 30

ethical

Back 30

(normative) what people ought to do.

Front 31

kants basic principle categrical imperative

Back 31

1 only do what we can accept that everyone do. only act on what you can will as universal law. 2 treat yourself and others as means to an end. treat all humanity as having intrinsic value dont use people

Front 32

kantianism

Back 32

the meaning of morality is duty for the sake of duty

Front 33

non-consequentialist / deontological

Back 33

people should act with the right intentions doing ones duty for its own sake rather than for personal gain and without concern for consequences

Front 34

kants moral theory

Back 34

autonomy - universal duty

Front 35

kant asked three questions

Back 35

1 what can I know 2 what ought I do 3 what gives an act moral worth

Front 36

ethical relativism

Back 36

no objective right or wrong 2 types 1 individual/personal what I believe or feel 2 social/cultural norms of society or cultural views

Front 37

non-relativism

Back 37

there is an objective right or wrong

Front 38

emotivism

Back 38

moral judgements are based on emotions and feelings. expressions of feelings of good and bad no reasoning involved denies moral truths no true or false moral judgements only what people feel. (Who says whos feeling are right?)

Front 39

emotivism

Back 39

moral propositions do nothing more than express our approval or disapproval

Front 40

moral relativism

Back 40

believe that people innately know what is right and wrong

Front 41

aristotle

Back 41

greek philosopher nicomachean ethics wrighting outlining his views named for his son

Front 42

benthan and mill utilitarians

Back 42

the greatest happiness principle. everyone is equal to as much happiness and pleasure that they deserve. ones own happiness is not greater in value than any other persons.

Front 43

hedonism

Back 43

goodness always invbolves pleasure or happiness

Front 44

categorical imperative

Back 44

an act is immoral if the rule can't be a rule for everyone

Front 45

distributive justice

Back 45

good and bad things should be divided equaly on a just and fair basis to all people

Front 46

utilitarianism

Back 46

produce the most pleasure and happiness we can and the least amount of suffering and unhappiness we can

Front 47

ethical theories

Back 47

lead to moral judgements which are universally applicable and allow us to place value on different acts.

Front 48

virtue

Back 48

moral excellence

Front 49

natural law

Back 49

natural order of nature 2 types 1 descriptive such as laws of science - facts 2 prescriptive moral laws (do the right thing) also civil laws

Front 50

natural law theory

Back 50

moral law is based on human nature

Front 51

natural rights theory

Back 51

human rights are those rights we claim because they are essential to our fuctioning as human beings.

Front 52

problem with natural law theory

Back 52

is very subjective not everyone can agree on what human nature requires (food clothing shelter money?)

Front 53

non-consequentialist

Back 53

also called deontological

Front 54

prima facie duty

Back 54

rules we must obey unless it conflicts with other rules. (which rule means more to you)

Front 55

act utilitarianism

Back 55

consider the consequences of an act.

Front 56

egoism

Back 56

2 types 1 psychological (descriptive) selfish act in own best interest 2 ethical ( normative ) act how people ought to act.

Front 57

utility

Back 57

usefulness

Front 58

normative ethics

Back 58

the study of what people ought to do

Front 59

rational

Back 59

judgement that is psychological or affective in nature

Front 60

absolutism

Back 60

moral principles that are true for all people at all times

Front 61

nonmoral

Back 61

outside the realm of morality

Front 62

strong psychological egoism

Back 62

always act out of self interest

Front 63

weak psychological egoism

Back 63

sometimes act out of self interest

Front 64

relativism

Back 64

moral principles vary from culture to culture

Front 65

ethical relativism

Back 65

there is no objective right or wrong. the moral beliefs that people have and is not necessarily right or wrong

Front 66

individual/personal

Back 66

what I believe or feel

Front 67

social or cultural

Back 67

norms of society or cultural views

Front 68

nonrelativism

Back 68

there is an objective right or wrong

Front 69

feminist ethics

Back 69

focus on individualized moral judgements (mothering)

Front 70

retributive justice

Back 70

people should get what they deserve regardless of consequences

Front 71

descriptive

Back 71

empiracal beliefs

Front 72

presciptive

Back 72

moral value judgements

Front 73

male naturalist (used only male subjects)

Back 73

held that women were naturally inferior to males and not fully rational beings. women historically not treated as equals to males

Front 74

individual ethical egoism

Back 74

everyone ought to act in my self-interest

Front 75

universal ethical egoism

Back 75

everyone ought to seek out there own best interests

Front 76

metaethics

Back 76

the study of the meaning of ethical language.

Front 77

intuitionism

Back 77

3 principles 1 good can't be defined 2 there are objective moral truths. there exists certian things that are morally wrong in and of themselves such as hatred and meanness regardless of cultural or society norms. 3 there are self evident moral truths -knowledge of these truths comes with reflection, maturation and intellectual development

Front 78

personal ethical egoism

Back 78

act in my own self interest

Front 79

reasoning

Back 79

is a function of making a moral argument. this process involves an element of critical thinking

Front 80

John Locke

Back 80

all people treated equally

Front 81

Thomas Aquinas

Back 81

dominican friar interpreter of Aristotles philosophy

Front 82

conventional

Back 82

self centered minimize punishment

Front 83

pre-conventional

Back 83

reson according to societal law

Front 84

post-conventional

Back 84

do the moral right higher level of reasoning

Front 85

justice

Back 85

the granting of those things that are rightfully due

Front 86

charity

Back 86

might be thought of as going beyound justice

Front 87

fatalism

Back 87

future events are beyound our control

Front 88

soft determinism

Back 88

there are no uncaused events, but some causations originates with humans

Front 89

indeterminism

Back 89

at least some events are uncaused

Front 90

determinism

Back 90

every result, effect, or event has a cause

Front 91

universal causation

Back 91

a synonym for determinism

Front 92

moral proposition

Back 92

containing an ethical judgement of an action or of someones character

Front 93

rule utilitarianism

Back 93

consider the consequences of the universal practice of this act

Front 94

preference utilitarianism

Back 94

consider the most peoples preferences. (democracy)

Front 95

epistemology

Back 95

the study of knowledge

Front 96

good will

Back 96

ability to act according to rules without concerns for consequences

Front 97

empirical proposition

Back 97

describing a state of affairs which we perceive through the senses

Front 98

internal sense proposition

Back 98

expressing our inner feelings

Front 99

universal ethical egoism

Back 99

everyone ought to act in their own best interest

Front 100

virtue/excellence

Back 100

be a good person. virtue is a mean between two extremes. (cowardice<>foolhardiness) 2 types 1 intillectual excellence of the mind, ability to reason or judge well. (learned/taught) 2 moral-to act well learned by repetition and practice.

Front 101

virtue ethics

Back 101

good habits/character traits which enable us to function well as human beings.

Front 102

normative judgements /evaluative judgements

Back 102

are based upon the moral values of society at the time.

Front 103

prescriptive statements and judgements

Back 103

they prescribe what you should do

Front 104

social or cultural relativism

Back 104

holds that ethical values tend to vary from social cultural to social cultural. (my group norms are the only ones of any value)

Front 105

personal or individual relativism

Back 105

ethical judgements and beliefs are the expression of the moral attitudes of each individual person. (my own personal morals)