Ethics 220

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named after the Greek philosopher Socrates, is a form of philosophical questioning in which the questioner explores the ideas of others' positions, to stimulate rational thinking and illuminate ideas. This dialectical method often involves an oppositional discussion in which the defense of one point of view is pitted against another; one participant may lead another to contradict himself in some way, strengthening the inquirer's own point.

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Socratic Method (or Method of Elenchus or Socratic Debate)

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was an important Greek philosopher and teacher. He lived in the Greek city of Athens. He is perhaps most important because he started trying to find out how people thought. He asked questions about people, for example, how to be a truly good person. He also answered questions with other deeper questions. In his time, this was a new way of finding important facts, and we think that Socrates was the first to do this. This is now called the Socratic method after this man.

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Socrates (470 BC - 399 BC)

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is sometimes called the "father of Western philosophy". This is because the things that he said made people think that he was very wise, and because of the importance and success of the people that he taught, like Plato, a younger philosopher.

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Socrates

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Lover of wisdom

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philosopher

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theory that believes that all knowloedge comes from experience

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empiricism

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science of knowloedge ( What is knowledge, how is it acquired?)

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epistemology

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was a very important classical Greek philosopher. He lived from 427 BC to 347 BC. He was a student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle. Plato wrote about many ideas in philosophy that are still talked about today. In fact, one modern philosopher (Alfred North Whitehead) said that all philosophy since Plato was just comments on his works.

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Plato

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Who taught Plato?

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Socrates

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Who is the teacher of Aristotle?

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Plato

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Who is the student of Plato?

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Aristotle

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In Order of famous Philosophers?

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Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

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wrote his books in the form of dialogues -- people talking about ideas, and sometimes disagreeing about them

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Plato

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is usually the main person in Plato's dialogue

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Socrates

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Usually, _____ talks with people about their ideas, and tries to see if they believe anything that is illogical. Other people in the stories often become angry with Socrates because of this! People who study Plato argue about whether Socrates really said the same things that Plato makes him say, or whether Plato just used ______ as a character, to make the ideas he was talking about seem more important.

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Socrates

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is the science of reasoning. Logic helps people decide whether something is true or false.

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Logic

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wrote his books in the form of dialogues -- people talking about ideas, and sometimes disagreeing about them

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Plato

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is usually the main person in Plato's dialogue

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Socrates

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Usually, _____ talks with people about their ideas, and tries to see if they believe anything that is illogical. Other people in the stories often become angry with Socrates because of this! People who study Plato argue about whether Socrates really said the same things that Plato makes him say, or whether Plato just used ______ as a character, to make the ideas he was talking about seem more important.

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Socrates

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is the science of reasoning. Logic helps people decide whether something is true or false.

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Logic

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is some logical transition that people think can be done, but that really cannot be done. It is like an error in thinking. Aristotle and other philosophers identified several such kinds of fallacies:

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A logical fallacy or simply a fallacy

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A popular example, given by Aristotle:
All humans are mortal (They die at some point)
Aristotle is a human
Therefore, Aristotle is mortal.

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Example of Logic by Aristotle

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A clause is simply something like "Aristole is human" or "all humans are mortal". Clauses have a truth value; they are either true or false, but not both. Mistakes in logic are called "fallacies".

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Logic Clauses

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"father of Western philosophy."

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Socrates

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Authored our main source of information about Socrates. He also wrote books about Socrates Death (his mentor)

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Plato

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His mother was a nurse or midwife who helped women give birth to children.

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Socrates

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was married to a much younger woman called Xanthippe

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Socrates

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How many children does Socrates had?

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3

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was a stonemason, that is someone who builds with stones

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Socrates

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(a holy person that was wise, respected and who people thought could talk to the

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oracle

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he said something like "I know what I don't know. In other words he knew the limit of his knowledge. He said that people who do bad things do so because they do not know any better.

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Socrates

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was a good man because he did no harm, except he asked questions about everything

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Socrates

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However, during his life many people thought he was a bad person, because he asked those questions and because he made young people unhappy about their lives

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Socrates

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said that "A life that was not examined was not worth living". This means that one must think about one's own life and its meaning. Some people have said that most humans are happier if they do not think too much about their life.

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Socrates

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taught that many people can look at something and not truly see it. He asked questions about the meaning of life and goodness. These are still very important questions. Much of philosophy (love of wisdom) is about these things.

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Socrates

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is the concept of doing the right thing

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Morality

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are basic guidelines for living

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Morality

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others think that morality is_______ (that what is good or bad is your choice).

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subjective

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Some believe that there is ______ (true even if you don't agree with it) morality, often thinking it was set out by God or another similar being;

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objective

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People can learn____ from religion, parents, friends, school, or reading a book

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morals

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People that teach or follow morals are called

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moralist

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It can also be a lesson that someone learns in a book or story. It is usually one line at the end of the story ("The____ of this story is....."). Fables are stories with a moral

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moral

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meaning the wrong thing to do

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immoral

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means something that is not related to morality, or has no morally good or bad aspect to it.

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amoral or "morally neutral".

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is a topic studied in psychology and in moral philosophy

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Moral reasoning

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is a major branch of philosophy

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Moral Philosophy or ETHICS

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is the study of value or qualit

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Ethics or Moral Philosophy

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It covers the analysis and use of concepts such as right, wrong, good, evil, and responsibility.

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Ethics or Moral Philosophy

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is a kind of behaviour which is thought to be good

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Virtue

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Adjective of Virtue

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Virtuous

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Who is the philosopher who said that virtue consisted of four things: Justice, Courage, Wisdom, and Moderation.

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Plato

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What are 4 things of virtue as said by Plato

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Justice, Courage, Wisdom, and Moderation.

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three virtues were Faith, Hope and Charity.

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Christian Religion

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is the set of ethical rules that doctors follow. These ideas tell doctors how they should treat patients.

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Medical Ethics

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What are the 6 Medical? Ethics There are 6 major principles (important ideas):

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Beneficence, Non-maleficence, Autonomy, Justice, Dignity, Truthfulness

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a doctor must do things that are good for the patient (the doctor is giving medical care to.)

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Beneficence

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a doctor must not try to hurt his patients.

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Non-maleficence

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the patient can say he does not want to be treated

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Autonomy

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talks about what is fair in giving people medicines and care. It talks about who gets what treatments.

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Justice

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the patient (and the doctor) have the right to dignity (respect for someone as a person)

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Dignity

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(being honest) – the doctor must tell the patient the truth

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Truthfulness, Veracity

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If there is not enough of a medicine to treat every person who has a disease who should get the medicine?

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Medical Ethics Sample Question 1

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If a baby has a disease that will kill him very soon, what should a doctor do if the baby's mother says she does not want the baby to be helped?

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Medical Ethics Sample Question 2

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A patient has an injury that cannot be helped and that will kill them in a few minutes. The patient asks a doctor “am I going to die?” What should the doctor say?

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Medical Ethics Sample Question 3

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in humans involves the earning or the expectation of personal respect or esteem

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Dignity

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is the opposite of guilt

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Innocence

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The adjective is innocent (the opposite of 'guilty')

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Innocence

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If someone is innocent of a crime it means that they did not do it. If someone is accused of a crime, they have to go to court. The court will decide whether they are guilty or not-guilty (innocent). People must be treated as innocent unless (or until) they are found guilty.

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Innocence

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can mainly mean either: a concern for genuine respect and is fair and equal. Or a type of law; which gives punishment by a judge

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Justice

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(also spelled humor) is anything that can make people laugh or feel happy.

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Humour

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is the idea of the trustworthiness and social status of a person by the society, by judgement of his actions.

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Honor

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is a devotion for someone or something. Someone who is ___ can be trusted, because they never betray the people they are___ to.

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loyal

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is a philosophy that rejects the use of physical violence. People who practice_____ may use methods like education, persuasion, civil disobedience and nonviolent direct action.

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nonviolence

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is a moral value considered to be a virtue. A____ person is someone in whom we can place our trust and be sure that the trust will not be betrayed.
In order for one to____ another, their worth and integrity must be proven over time.

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trustworthy; trust

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is an term used to describe a person who is discriminated against, even though they are a citizen or legal resident where they live. Such a person might not be a slave, an outlaw or a criminal, but they have limited rights or opportunities, and they tend to be mistreated or neglected by the majority of citizens.
Second-class citizenry is usually seen as a violation of human rights. African-Americans who lived in the United States during segregation, Indian natives during British rule in India, and black Africans who lived in South Africa under apartheid, were often described in this way.

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second class citizen

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is the right to state one's opinions and ideas without being stopped or punish

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Freedom of speech or expression

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In America, you are not allowed to shout "fire" in a crowded theater if there is no fire, because this might cause people to panic.

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Freedom of Speech misuse

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is the study of human behavior, thought, and feeling. It deals with all actions and reactions of people. Because behavior is difficult to study as a whole, ____ often only look at small parts of it at a time.____ overlaps with many other fields including Medicine, Biology, Computer Science and Linguistics.

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Psychology

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psychology is interested in how people think, use language, remember and forget, and solve problems.

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Cognitive psychology

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psychology asks questions about how people make sense of what they see and hear and how they use that information to get around

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Perceptual psychology

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psychology looks into how groups of people work together and how societies build and wo

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social psychology

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psychology is interested in how people develop and change through their lives.

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developmental psychology

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psychology studies how evolution may have shaped the way people think and do things.

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evolutionary psychology

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looks at the brain and how it works to make people the way they are.

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Neuropsychology

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looks at the brain and how it works to make people the way they are.

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Neuropsychology

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psychology tries to work out what differences there are between people who are healthy and people who have a mental illness.

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abnormal psychology

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psychology tries to work out what differences there are between people who are healthy and people who have a mental illness.

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abnormal psychology

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psychology is about finding the best way to help people to recover from mental illness.

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clinical psychology

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psychology is about finding the best way to help people to recover from mental illness.

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clinical psychology

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psychology looks at babies, children, and youth, and at their families.

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child psychology

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psychology looks at babies, children, and youth, and at their families.

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child psychology

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psychology looks at aging people, especially over 60 years old.

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geriatric psychology

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psychology looks at aging people, especially over 60 years old.

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geriatric psychology

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psychology looks at different ways of living and views of the world.

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Cross-cultural psychology

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psychology looks at different ways of living and views of the world.

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Cross-cultural psychology

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psychology tests and helps students to learn and make friends.

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Educational or school psychology

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psychology tests and helps students to learn and make friends.

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Educational or school psychology

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psychology looks at jobs and workers to help business do well.

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Industrial/organizational psychology

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psychology looks at jobs and workers to help business do well.

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Industrial/organizational psychology

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is the part of philosophy that talks about good and ev

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Ethics

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is the part of philosophy that talks about good and ev

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Ethics

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What actions are good? What actions are evil?
How can we tell the difference?
Are good and evil the same for everyone?
How should we make hard decisions that might help or hurt other people?

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Samples of Ethical Questions

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"science of morality".

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Ethics

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thinking about ethics can help with hard questions. Work can be like both economics and politics. Workers have to make money and follow laws. But the best way to do both is not always easy to know. The study of this is called

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Business Ethics

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Discussing ethics can also be a way to stop people fighting or starting a war. By talking about ethics, people hope to get what they want without being violent. This works when all people agree that peace is very important. But not everyone agrees about what is right or wrong. So, sometimes anger can make it hard to talk without fighting.

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Use of Ethics

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Government policy can be affected by what politicians think is ethical. Politicians try to create laws that help everyone do what is right. Political debates happen when the people who make public policy do not agree about what is right.

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Use of Ethics

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Some theories of economics say ethics has to do with money. Money is a big part of most people's lives. Thinking about morality can be important in economics. For example, there is a saying about ethics taken from the Bible that 'the love of money is the root of all kinds of evil' (1 Timothy). The philosophy of Marxism also says that a few people using money in the wrong way can hurt many other people.

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Use of Ethics

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Ethics is part of the study of religion. In religion, people often learn what is good or bad from what they believe about God (or gods). Some important ideas about what is good or bad have come from religion.

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Use of Ethics

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is called the "father of medicine". He was the first person to write that people got sick for scientific reasons. People used to believe disease was caused by angry (mad) gods.

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Hippocrates

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Hippocratic Oath is named after him. This is a promise or oath doctors say.

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Hippocratic Oath

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is a word from medieval times and knighthood meaning to have honor and love. Today, the terms ___ and____ are used to describe courteous behavior, especially that of men towards women.

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Chivalry; chivalrous

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are rights that all people in the same country should have. The civil rights of one country apply to all its citizens within the borders of the country. The rights are given by the laws of the country.___are not the same as human rights.

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Civil Rights

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is the idea that people should have rights just because they are human beings. These rights are seen as universal, which means they are meant for everyone, no matter what their race, religion, ethnicity, nationality, age, sex, political beliefs (or any other kind of beliefs), intelligence, disability, sexual orientation, or gender identity.

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Human rights

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is about making sure people are treated fairly and given fair chances. ____ is not about treating everyone in the same way, but it makes sure that their needs are met in any needed way.

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Social equality

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is a way of thinking about politics and government. Liberals (the people who believe in liberalism) think that freedom is important.

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Liberalism

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Liberals believe: ____ freedom - Everyone has the right to live their lives as they please, as long as they do not hurt other people.

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Personal freedom

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Liberals believe - Governments should be elected by the people in free and fair elections.

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Democracy

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Liberals believe: - Governments should protect personal freedom.

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Rights under law

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Liberal concept: People should be free to buy and sell goods and services.

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free market

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Liberal concepts: - People should not start wars or use violence.

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Peace

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which guaranteed certain rights to all citizens, including freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, the right to assemble, the right to bear arms, and the right to ask their government to take action (right of petition) or to remove from office rulers they did not like (right of referendum).

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Constitution

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claim that white people are superior to non-whites, spread lies about Jews, and tell other people to hate Jewish people and other groups of people. Many neo-Nazis say that the Holocaust killings never really happened

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Neo Nazis or New(Nazis)

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is an idea that Immanuel Kant had about ethics. An 'imperative' is something that some person has to do. The ________ ______ says that we should act in ways that we wish that every person would act. Kant thought that another way of saying the same idea is to say that we should treat other persons as persons and not as tools that can help us in some way.
Kant thought that this idea is the basis to treat other people in the right way.

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categoral imperative

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is a branch of philosophy and is the study of the world

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Metaphysics

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It is the basis of physics and other sciences. However, unlike other sciences,_____ asks very basic philosophical questions and does not look at the world directly.

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metaphysics

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meta means ___

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beyond, after

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leader of the government

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Chancellor or prime minister

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is a place which a government uses to keep people who are either against that government or who it thinks are too dangerous to remain free. Sometimes these are called internment camps, where a large number of people are put in prison without a trial.

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concentration camp

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means "complete destruction by fire".,

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holocaust

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means "the intentional killing of a large number of people."

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holocaust

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is a kind of right-wing government. In fascism, the country is considered more important than any one person. A country under this kind of government is usually run by a person called a dictator, who has the right of total control over the government and people. Even though most fascists would agree in theory that the country is the most important thing, fascists in real life act like the things that the dictator wants are more important than anything else in the country or even human life.

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Fascism

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Someone who is right-wing in politics is usually someone who supports social or economic conservatism. In other words, if a person has chosen to be Conservative, that person is usually more "conservative" about economic and social change. The most known right-wing government type is Fascism

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Right-wing

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was a document King John of England was forced to agree to by English nobles so that kings would not have as much power as before. King John put his seal to it in 1215. It led to the constitutional rule of today

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magna carta

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is the name of a legal action, or writ, through which a person can seek relief from unlawful detention of himself or another person

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habeas corpus

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is the idea that every person can decide what to do freely.

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free will

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is the idea that every action is a definite reaction to a previous event.

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Determinism

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is the field of study under the broad scope of philosophy that studies ethical and aesthetic values.

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axiology

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can refer to a large number of Political systems. In general, Socialist systems want to establish a more equal sharing of wealth.

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Socialism

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is the philosophical idea that one must try to know about perfect things, even though you know that they do not exist and may not be able to be understood.

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Platonic realism (also called Platonism or Anti realism

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Plato thought that goodness was part of reality, but was part of a parallel 'perfect' universe. Plato thought it was the job of the philosopher to look for reflections of these perfect things in our universe and to teach others about what they found.

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Platonism

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A physicist might ask 'how does the world work?' but a metaphysical philosopher would ask 'what is the world?

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metaphysics

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Many metaphysical philosophers are also physicists, such as Aristotle and Rene Descartes.

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Sample only

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is a theory in philosophy about right and wrong actions. It says that the morally best action is the one that makes the most overall happiness or "utility" (usefulness)

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Utilitarianism