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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1-Hemizygous
2- Heterozygous 3- Homozygous |
:one member of a chromosome alleles rather than the usual two
:the alleles are different :both alleles are the same |
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1- A dominant gene expresses itself:
2- A recessive gene is one that: 3: A codominant gene expresses itself: |
1- in either the heterozygous or the homozygous state
2- produces an effect only in the homozygous state 3- when both allules of a pair are expressed. |
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The sum total of all genes contained in a cell’s chromosomes is called its________.
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Genome
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What is The Human Genome Project?
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is an international collaboration that has constructed a ‘road map’ of the human genome by determining the location of the individual genes on the chromosomes
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What is the Lyon Hypothesis?
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Disorder is inherited as an X-Linked genetic disorder-primarily expressed in the male population. Random inactivation of the X-Chromasome
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What is Mitosis?
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Mitosis produces two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell.
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What is the difference between a Haploid and Diploid cell?
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Diploid- 2 copies of each chromosome
Haploid- only 1 copy of chromosome (Most body cells are diploid. Gametes, the sperm in men and the eggs ini women are haploid) |
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What is Interphase?
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Chromosome not visible because they are uncoiled
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What is prophase?
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The chromosomes coil
The nuclear membrane disintegrates. Spindle fibers (microtubles) form. |
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What is metaphase?
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The chromosomes become aligned
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What is anaphase?
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The chromatids sperate & the # of chromosomes double
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What is telophase?
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The cells divide in two.
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What is the difference between G1 interphase and G2?
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The chromasomes in G1 have 1 chromatid and the G2 have 2 chromatid
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What is meiosis?
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Meiosis produces daughter cells that have one half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
Meiosis is a special type of cell division necessary for sexual reproduction. The cells produced by meiosis are called gametes (the sperm & egg) Outcome: Mitosis: 2 identical diploid cells Meiosis: 4 genetically unique haploid cells |
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What is gametogenesis?
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Gametogenesis is a biological process by which diploid or haploid precursor cells undergo cell division and differentiation to form mature haploid gametes.
(diploid: have 2 homologous copies of chromosome: 1 from M 1 from F) All mammals are diploid (haploid: 1/2 the # of chromosomes- 2 haploids make a diploid) (Euploid: number of chromosomes for a species) (gametes: haploid (sperm & ova)) |
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What is spermatogenesis?
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Spermatogenesis is the process in which cells of sperm are developed in the reproductive organs of male.
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What is oogenesis?
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Development of ovum
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How does the MHC relate to transplant patients?
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The MHC molecules control the immune response through recognition of "self" and "non-self" and, consequently, serve as targets in transplantation rejection.
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What is an allele?
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one of 2 or more forms of genes.
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What is dominant gene?
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Gene that produces same phenotype in organism whether or not the allele is identical.
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What is a recessive gene?
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Gene that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its allele is identical
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What is an HLA? Human Leukocyte Antigen
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Immunology related: antigen on cell that distinguishes ones genetic make-up compared to another.
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What is a haplotype
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Set of alleles inherited by individual from single parent.
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A gene inherited from a female parent does not always have the same effect as the identical gene inherited from the male parent. T or F?
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True
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Chromosomes normally exist in pairs called homologous chromosomes. T or F?
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True (except for sex chromosomes)
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Do certain HLA types appear to predispose a person to a specific disease? T or F?
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True
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Describe the major differences between Mitosis v. Meiosis?
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Mitosis produces 2 identical cells, whereas Meiosis produces 4 with 1/2 the # of chromosomes of the parent cell.
Mitosis=body cells Meoisis= Sex Cells |
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How does Spermatogenesis compare with Oogenesis?
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Both are responsible for reproductive functions of humans, one refers to male the other to female.
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Describe how the Lyon hypothesis relates to X-chromosome inactivation:
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THe Lyon hypothesis states that there is a random inactivation of the X-chromosomes in the cell, which appears as unextended sex chromatin body.
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What is a karyotype and how is it determined?
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It's the number and appearance of chromosomes in nucleus of eukaryotic cell, it's determined by genetic coding.
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What is an autosome?
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An autosome is any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
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What are cytogenetic disorders?
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Cytogenetics is the study of normal and abnormal chromosomes. Chromosomes are examined and characterized by obtaining an individual's karyotype (which is a description of the number and structure of the chromosomes.)
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What is a centromere?
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The centromere is the structure where the mitotic spindle attaches prior to segregation in anaphase
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What are cytogenetic disorders?
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Cytogenetics is the study of normal and abnormal chromosomes. Chromosomes are examined and characterized by obtaining an individual's karyotype (which is a description of the number and structure of the chromosomes.)
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Are metaphase chromosomes all the same size?
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Metaphase chromosomes differ from one another in size and shape, and the absolute length of any one chromosome varies depending on the stage of mitosis in which it was fixed.
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Do centromeres change position?
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the relative position of the centromere is constant, which means that that the ratio of the lengths of the two arms is constant for each chromosome.
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Do centromeres change position?
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the relative position of the centromere is constant, which means that that the ratio of the lengths of the two arms is constant for each chromosome.
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Are metaphase chromosomes all the same size?
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Metaphase chromosomes differ from one another in size and shape, and the absolute length of any one chromosome varies depending on the stage of mitosis in which it was fixed.
Metaphase: 2nd stage of cell division during which the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers. |
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Do centromeres change position?
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the relative position of the centromere is constant, which means that that the ratio of the lengths of the two arms is constant for each chromosome.
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What is the name for the staining of chromosomes?
Ex: Q, G or C |
Chromosome banding has since become a standard and indispensible tool for cytogenetic analysis.
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What is MHC? The Major Histamine Complex?
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The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a set of molecules displayed on cell surfaces that are responsible for lymphocyte recognition and "antigen presentation".
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What is Recumbent DNA technology?
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genes from two different sources are recombined in a single organism
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What is gene splicing?
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a piece of genetic material is being cut open and another piece of genetic material is being spliced into it.
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How do researchers correct faulty genes?
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A normal gene may be inserted into a nonspecific location within the genome to replace a nonfunctional gene. This approach is most common.
An abnormal gene could be swapped for a normal gene through homologous recombination. The abnormal gene could be repaired through selective reverse mutation, which returns the gene to its normal function. The regulation (the degree to which a gene is turned on or off) of a particular gene could be altered. |
