Essentials Of Nursing Care: Health Differences (Nc2): Activity And Mobility

Front 1

Nonvascular, supporting connective tissue, located chiefly in the joints and in the nose, ear, thorax, trachea and larynx, that provides strength and flexibility of the skeleton

Back 1

cartilage

Front 2

The ability of a skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus by forcibly shortening:

Back 2

contractility

Front 3

Permanent shortening of a muscle and eventual shortening of the ligaments and tendons:

Back 3

contractures

Front 4

The ability of the skeletal muscle to resume its resting length after it has shortened or lengthened:

Back 4

elasticity

Front 5

The ability of a skeletal muscle to receive and respond to a stimulus:

Back 5

Excitability

Front 6

The ability of a skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus by extending and relaxing:

Back 6

Extensibility

Front 7

Assists in producing coordinated body movements by alerting the brain of the need to stimulate extensor muscles to reestablish an erect posture through stimulation of receptors in antigravity:

Back 7

Extensor or antigravity reflex

Front 8

The most serious consequences of improper body mechanics:

Back 8

falls

Front 9

The position of choice for a pt. that has difficulty breathing; the bed is elevated 45 degrees with the knees slightly bent:

Back 9

Fowler's position

Front 10

Injection of gallim citrate (Ga 67) or thallium (TI 201) into a vein and monitoring its uptake in the bones to provide gross information about the bones:

Back 10

Gallum/thallium scan

Front 11

Increase in size:

Back 11

hypertrophy

Front 12

Injection of a client's white blood cells, which have been tagged with indium (In 111), into a vein and monitoring its uptake in the bones to provide gross information about the bones:

Back 12

Indium scan

Front 13

Results in increase muscle tension and energy expenditure but no muscle shortening or work; eg: having a client press his/her feet against an immovable footboard - no work accomplished; footboard does not move , nervous system control of skeletal muscle contraction:

Back 13

Isometric

Front 14

Involves no joint movement or change in the length of the muscle but does involve change in the muscle tension;an exercise to help maintain muscle strength, ex: pt. wit cast on leg:

Back 14

isometric exercise

Front 15

Results in increase muscle tension , energy expenditure, muscle shortening, and work; eg: having a client use a trapeze to move him/er up in bed; work accomplished: lifting:

Back 15

isotonic

Front 16

Areas where bone surfaces come into close contact with one another (articulate):

Back 16

joints

Front 17

Assists in producing coordinated body movement by alerting an individual to movement of the head in relation to gravity through stimulation of receptors in the semicircular canals in the inner ear:

Back 17

Labyrinthine sense

Front 18

White, shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connect bones to bones and provide strength and flexibility of skeleton:

Back 18

ligaments

Front 19

Most common problem seen in the standing position of an adult; inward curvature of a portion of the lumbar and cervical vertebral column

Back 19

Lordosis

Front 20

Normal body alignment for a _____ yr old is marked lumbar lordosis and protruding abdomen; this is not a sign of a problem:

Back 20

2

Front 21

The position that facilitates respiration by maximizing chest expansion; most helpful for pts who have problems with exhalation:

Back 21

orthopneic

Front 22

A condition in which bones become brittle and fragile due to calcium depletion; common in older women; primarily affects the weight bearing joints of the lower extremity and the back causes compression fractures of the vertebrae and hip function:

Back 22

Osteoporosis

Front 23

Can cause obesity and can distort movement; affects balance and posture:

Back 23

over-nutrition

Front 24

Assists in producing coordinated body movement by alerting the brain of the need to stimulate extensor muscle of lower legs through stimulation of receptors in the soles of the feet:

Back 24

Plantar reflex

Front 25

Assists in producing coordinated body movements by alerting the brain of the location of a limb or body part in space through stimulation of proprioceptive receptors in muscles, tendons and fascia:

Back 25

Proprioceptive or kinesthietic sense

Front 26

Bring about movement at a joint by strengthening the contraction of a prime move:

Back 26

Synergistic

Front 27

White, glistening bands of fibrous tissue; connect muscles to bones; provide strength and flexibility of the skeleton:

Back 27

tendons

Front 28

Urinary stasis, venous pooling, decreased vital capacity and increased HR can occur with

Back 28

immobility

Front 29

Urine will become alkaline with

Back 29

immobility

Front 30

Smooth muscle; located in walls of internal organs and blood vessels; function: contraction of viscera and blood vessels; cell shape: cylindrical; number of nuclei: one; striations: absent: type of control: involuntary:

Back 30

Visceral muscle

Front 31

Assists in producing coordinated body movement by alerting the brain of the spatial relationships within the environment through stimulation of receptors in the visual special sense:

Back 31

visual or optic reflex

Front 32

-support body tissues and provide the skeletal framework of the body
-protect body organs
-provide for movement
-act as a storehouse for mineral salts
-provide for hematopeoiesis
-divisions of the skeleton

Back 32

Bones

Front 33

Those bones comprising the skull, vertebral column and thorax; number = 60:

Back 33

axial skeleton

Front 34

Those bones comprising the legs, arms, shoulders and pelvis; number = 126

Back 34

appendicle skeleton

Front 35

Bone cells that form bone:

Back 35

osteoblasts

Front 36

Bone cells that reabsorb bone

Back 36

osteoclasts

Front 37

Dense, heavy, rigid bone arranged in concentric circles known as the Haversian system (or Osteen) which consists of the following:
- A central canal, called a Haversian canal
- Concentric layers of bone matrix, called lamellae
- Spaces between the lamellae, called lacunae
- Bone cells within the lacunae, called osteocytes
- Small channels, called canaliculi

Back 37

Cortical (compact) bone tissue

Front 38

Light, porous, bone arranged in concentric layers known as trabeculae, which branch and join to form meshwork:

Back 38

Cancellous (spongy) bone tissue

Front 39

Bones that are longer than they are wide consist of the following:
- Cancellous bone at the extremities (epiphyses)
- Compact bone in the shaft (diaphysis)
- General features of long bones
- A diaphysis, or shaft of long bones, Epiphyses, or extremities of long bones
- Articular cartilage, or thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the articulating surface of each epiphysis of long bones
- Periosteum, or dense, white fibrous membrane that covers long bones, except at joint surfaces where articular cartilage forms the covering
- A medullary )marrow) cavity, or cavity in long bones, that contains yellow or fatty bone marrow
- An endosteum, or membrane that lines the medullary cavity and Haversian canals of long bones
- Ex: femur, fibula, tibia, humerus, phalanges of the fingers and toes

Back 39

Long bones

Front 40

Roughly cube-shaped bones consist of the following:
- An inner core of cancellous bone
- A thin outer layer of compact bone
- ex: Bones of the wrist and ankle

Back 40

Short bones

Front 41

Thin, flattened and usually curved bones consist of the following:
- An inner core of cancellous bone
- Two outer layers of compact bone
- eg: ribs, bones of the skull

Back 41

Flat bones

Front 42

Differing shaped bones consisting of the following:
- An inner core of cancellous bone
- A thin outer layer of compact bone
- eg:
- Vertebrae
- bones of the jaw

Back 42

Irregular bones

Front 43

- Stage One: A stimulus, such as a hormone, drug, or stressor, activates bone cell precursors to become osteoclasts

- Stage Two: Osteoclasts gradually reabsorb bone and leave behind an elongated cavity called a reabsorption cavity.

-Stage Three: Osteoblasts follow path of osteoclasts to crease new Haversian systems (orosteons) and trabeculae:

Back 43

bone remodeling

Front 44

Immovable joints such as skull sutures, epiphyseal plates, joint between first rib and manubrium of sternum:

Back 44

Synarthroidal joint

Front 45

Slightly moveable joints such as vertebral joints, joint of the symphysis pubis:

Back 45

Amphiarthroidal

Front 46

Freely movable joint; consistent features includes
- Ability to move freely
- A fibrous joint capsule
- A joint cavity
- A synovial membrane that lines the inner surface of the joint capsule
- Lubricating synovial fluid secreted by the synovial membrane
- Articular cartilage that covers the bony surfaces

Back 46

Diarthroidial

Front 47

Includes
- Ball-and-socket
- Ball-shaped head fits into concave socket of another bone
- hip joint

Back 47

types of diarthoidial joints

Front 48

Oval-shaped condyle (protuberance at the end of a bone) fits into elliptical cavity of another bone; eg: wrist joint between the radius and carpals

Back 48

condyloid joint

Front 49

Articular surfaces; usually flat; eg: finger joints between carpal bones:

Back 49

Gliding joint

Front 50

Spool-like surface fits into concave surface of another bone; eg: elbow joint between the humerus, ulna and radius:

Back 50

Hinge joint

Front 51

Arch-shaped structure rotates about rounded, or peg-like, pivot; eg: joint between the atlas and axis:

Back 51

Pivot joint

Front 52

Saddle-shaped bone fits into a socket that is convex on one side and concave on the other; eg: thumb joint between the trapezium and metacarpal:

Back 52

Saddle joint

Front 53

Areas where bone surfaces come into close contact with one another (articulate):

Back 53

joints

Front 54

White, shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connect bones to bones and provide strength and flexibility of the skeleton:

Back 54

Ligaments

Front 55

White, glistening bands of fibrous tissue connect muscles to bones and provide strength and flexibility of the skeleton:

Back 55

Tendons

Front 56

Nonvascular, supporting connective tissue, located chiefly in the joints and in the nose, ear, thorax, trachea, and larynx that provides strength and flexibility of the skeleton:

Back 56

cartilage

Front 57

- heart
- Function:
- Pump blood through the heart and blood vessels
- Cell shape:
- Cylindrical
- Branching
- Number of nuclei
- One
- Striations
- Present
- Type of control
- Involuntary

Back 57

Cardiac muscle

Front 58

In a muscle cell contraction, nerve impulses travel along to the ________ junction where it stimulates the release of a ____________ which allows the nerve impulse to cross the _______ junction triggering it.

Back 58

monaural junction
neurotransmitter
myoneural junction

Front 59

Bring about & maintain an upright or sitting posture by contracting &/or relaxing to oppose the
effect of gravity on the body e.g., extensors of the leg, gluteus maximus, quadriceps Femoris, soleus muscles,
muscles of

Back 59

Antigravity muscle groups

Front 60

A diet high in protein, calories, & fiber should be encouraged for an

Back 60

immobile pt

Front 61

Activity which the amount of 02 taken into the body is greater than or equal to the amount the body
requires, uses large muscle groups

Back 61

Aerobic

Front 62

Activity in which muscles cannot draw out enough o2 from the bloodstream- endurance training
athletes

Back 62

Anaerobic

Front 63

Bring about movement at a joint by contraction of a prime mover & relaxation of its antagonist, e.g.: To flex the arm, the prime mover (biceps brachii)Contracts while its antagonist (triceps brachii) Relaxes To extend the arm, the new prime mover (tricepsbrachii) contracts while its new antagonist (Biceps brachii) relaxes

Back 63

Antagonistic muscle groups

Front 64

Nonvascular, supporting connective tissue, located chiefly in the joints & in the nose, ear, thorax,
trachea, & larynx, that provides strength & Flexibility of the skeleton

Back 64

Cartilage

Front 65

When blood levels of Ca ↓, the parathyroid gland senses the ↓ & releases parathyroid
hormone (PTH) to ↑ the removal of Ca from the bones. When blood levels of Ca ↑, the thyroid gland senses the ↑ & releases Calcitonin to inhibit the removal of Ca From the bones

Back 65

Calcium homeostasis

Front 66

Injection of a radionuclide medium (technetium [Tc99m]) into a vein and monitoring its uptake in the bones to provide gross Information about the bones

Back 66

Bone scan

Front 67

( a complication of immobility) - calcium & phosphate levels(serum & urine) may be ↑

Back 67

Bone demineralization

Front 68

Insertion of a trocar through the skin surface into the bone, & then passing a biopsy needle
through the Trocar, to obtain a tissue Specimen to assess abnormalities on bone cell structure

Back 68

Bone biopsy

Front 69

Instillation of a radiopaque contrast medium into the joint followed by Plain radiographs to determine gross Anatomic features &/or Abnormalities of the joint

Back 69

Arthrogram

Front 70

↓ in size

Back 70

Atrophy

Front 71

Assess whether the pt has the ability to bathe himself Assist the pt to a lateral position facing you before assisting a pt to sit on the edge of the bed

Back 71

Assessing ADL’s

Front 72

Egg crate mattress, pillows, wedges, & heel protectors

Back 72

Assistive devices to maintain skin integrity