Essentials Of Life Span Development Chpt. 1

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development

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pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span

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life-span approach

Back 2

development is lifelong, mulit-dimensional, multi-directional, plastic, multidisciplinary and contextual, as as process that involves growth, regulation of loss, and maintenance.

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context

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setting

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normative age graded influence

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are similar for individuals in a particular age groups (such as puberty and menopause)

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normative history-graded influences

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are common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances (9/11)

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nonnormative life events

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are unusual occurrences that have a major impact in a person's life (i.e. home destroyed, won the lottery)

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culture

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behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group that are passed on from generation to generation

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cross-cultural studies

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compare two aspects of two or more cultures

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ethnicity

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a range of characteristics rooted in cultural heritage, including nationality, race, religion, and language

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socioeconomic status (SES)

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the conceptual grouping of people with similar occupation, educational, and economic characteristics

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gender

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the psychological and sociocultural dimensions of being male or female

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social policy

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a national government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens

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six stressors

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family turmoil, child separation, exposure to violence, crowding, excessive noise, and poor housing quality

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biological process

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changes in an person's physical nature

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cognitive processes

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changes in a individual's thought, intelligence, and language

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socioemotional processes

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changes in an individual's relationships with other people, emotions, and personality

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periods of development

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prenatal- conception to birth

infancy- birth-24 months

early childhood to age 5 or 6

middle and late childhood 6-11 years old

adolescence 10-12 to 18-22 years old

early adult hood lasts through 30's

middle adulthood 40-60 yo

late adulthood 60's to death

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stability-change issue

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the debate about the degree to which early traits and characteristics

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continuity discontinuity issues

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the debate about the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative (continuity) change, or distinct changes (discontinuity)

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theory

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the coherent set of ideas that helps to explain data and to make predictions

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hypotheses

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assertions or predictions, often derived from theories, that can be tested

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psychoanalytic theories

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theories that hold that development depends primarily on the unconscious mind and is heavily couched in emotion, the behavior is merely a surface characteristic, that early experiences are important in development

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Erikson's theory

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8 stages, a psychoanalytic theory with stages of psychosocial development unfold throughout the lifespan. Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individual's with a crisis that must be faced

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Piaget's theory

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the theory that children construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development

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Sensorimotor stage (Piaget)

B-2yo

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The infant constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions

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Preoperational stage (Piaget)

2-7yo

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The child begins to represent the world with words and images

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Concrete Operational Stage (Piaget)

7-11 yo

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The child can now reason logically about concrete events and classify objects into different sets

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Formal Operational Stage (Piaget)

11 yo through adulthood

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The adolescent reasons in more abstract, idealistic, and logical ways.

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Vygostky's theory

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A sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasized how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development

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information-processing theory

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a theory that emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor, and strategize about it. The processes of memory and thinking are central

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behavioral and social cognitive theories

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theories that hold that development can be described in terms of the behaviors learned through interactions in the environment

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social cognitive theory

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the theory that behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors are important in understanding development

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ethology

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an approach that stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, tied to evolution, and characterized by critical or sensitive periods

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Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory

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a systems theory that focuses on five environmental systems: microsystems, mesosystems, exosystem, macrosysten, and chronosystem

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eclectic theoretical orientation

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an approach that selects and uses whatever is considered the best in many theories

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naturalistic observation

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observation that occurs in a real world setting without an attempt to manipulate the situation

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standardized test

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a test that is given with uniform procedures for administering and scoring

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case study

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an in-depth examination of an individual

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descriptive research

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the type of research aims to observe and record behavior

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correlational research

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the goal is to describe the strength of the relation between two or more events or characteristics

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correlation coefficient

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a number based on statistical analysis that is used to describe the degree of association between two variables

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experiment

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a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more of the factors believed to be influencing the behavior being studied is manipulated and all of the other factors are held constant. Experimental research permits the determination of cause

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independent variable

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this variable can be manipulated independently of other factors to determine its effect

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dependent variable

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a factor that can change in an experiment, in response to changes in the independent variable

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random assignment

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researchers assign people to control groups and experimental groups by chance

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cross-sectional approach

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a research strategy in which individuals of different ages are compared at one time

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longitudinal approach

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a research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more

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cohort effects

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effects that are due to a subject's time of birth or generation but not age.

i.e. born at different times= more or less access to education (20's, 40's, 60's)