Essentials Of Grammar Ch1

Front 1

rhetoric

Back 1

purposeful use of language

good rhetoric acheives goal given the context and audience

Front 2

What does good grammat accomplish

Back 2

clear, convincing sentences

Front 3

8 Parts of Speech

Back 3

Verbs
Nouns
Prepositions
Pronouns
adjectives
Adverbs
Conjunctions
Interjunctions

Front 4

Verbs

Back 4

Action Verb- indicate actions

Linking Verb- express being or experiencing

Auxillary Verbs (helping verbs) - adds shades of meaning

Front 5

Linking Verbs

Back 5

express being or experiencing

be , seem , become

Sensory verbs look, taste, feel, and sound

Front 6

Auxillary Verbs

Back 6

adds shades of meaning

- ex information about time (will), ability (can), or obligation (must)

Front 7

Nouns

Back 7

Proper Nouns

Common Nouns

Front 8

3 Types of Common Nouns

Back 8

- Count Nouns

- Noncount Nouns

- Collective Nouns

Front 9

What is a count noun?

Back 9

noun -> common noun -> **subcategory**

- refer to places, people, things and ideas that can be counted

- singular and plural forms

ex concept/concepts
ex car/cars

Front 10

What is a noncount noun?

Back 10

noun -> common noun -> subcategory

things or ideas that can not be counted

furniture or infomatio n

Front 11

Collective ideas

Back 11

noun -> common noun -> subcategory

nouns that ca be either singular or plural, depending on the context

ex committee

Front 12

abstract vs concrete

Back 12

use concrete details (precievable) to balance out abstraction

Front 13

Pronouns

Back 13

replace antecedents (nouns that have already be introduced)

Front 14

Adjectives

Back 14

- commonly modify nouns and pronouns

Front 15

What questions do adjectives answer?

Back 15

- Adjectives describe nouns by answering one of these three questions: What kind is it? How many are there? Which one is it? An adjective can be a single word, a phrase, or a clause

Front 16

Articles

Back 16

- subclass of adjectives
- used before nouns

- a, an, the

Definite ("the") vs indefinite ("a" and "an")

Front 17

Adverbs

Back 17

- most frequently modify verbs

- also modify adjectives and adverbs


- infomation about time, manner, place, and frequency

- questions answered:: When? How? Where? How often?

Front 18

Major idea behind adverbs is that ...

Back 18

- they intensify or otherwise qualifying the meanings of those words

- provide details make sentences more vivid

Front 19

When a short adverb such as also, never, or not interrupts, it is still an adverb, not part of the verb.

Back 19

For his birthday, Frank would also like a jar of dill pickles.

Would like = verb; also = adverb.

After that dreadful casserole you made last night, Julie will never eat tuna or broccoli again.

Will eat = verb; never = adverb.

Despite the approaching deadline, Sheryl-Ann has not started her research essay.

Has started = verb; not = adverb.

Front 20

Prepositions

Back 20

- a word that combines with a noun/pronoun and any of its modifiers to provide additional detail

- answering:: where? when?

Prepositions are the words that indicate location (location in space, time, rank, etc)

Front 21

Prepositions generally introduce prepositional phrases

Back 21

preposition + optional modifiers + noun, pronoun, or gerund

In the crumb-filled, rumpled sheets

In = preposition; the, crumb-filled, rumpled = modifiers; sheets = noun.

Front 22

Phrasal Prepositions

Back 22

consits of more than one word

Front 23

Realize that some prepositions also function as subordinate conjunctions.

Back 23

Some prepositions also function as subordinate conjunctions. These prepositions are after, as, before, since, and until. A subordinate conjunction will have both a subject and a verb following it, forming a subordinate clause.

Front 24

what is the key in differentiating between subordinate clauses and prepostional phrases

Back 24

subject and verb are included in subordinate clauses

If you find a noun [with or without modifiers] following one of these five prepositions, then all you have is a prepositional phrase.

Front 25

Conjunctions

Back 25

- connectors
- 4 categoriies:: coordinating, correlative, subordinating, adverbial

Front 26

Coordinating Conjunctions

Back 26

- connects similar words or groups of words

- generally links a word to a word; phrase to a phrase or a clause to a clause

7 coordinating conjunctions

Front 27

What are the 7 coordinating conjunctions?

Back 27

For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
So

Front 28

Subordinating Conjunctions

Back 28

- introduces a dependent clause

- carries specific meaning (indicate causem concessions, conition, etc)

Front 29

Understand the difference between coordination and subordination.

Back 29

Use a coordinating conjunction when you want to give equal emphasis to two main clauses. The pattern for coordination looks like this:

main clause + , + coordinating conjunction + main clause.

Subordination, however, emphasizes the idea in the main clause more than the one in the subordinate clause. Generally, the patterns look like these:

main clause + Ø + subordinate clause.

subordinate clause + , + main clause.

Front 30

Read the pairs of sentences that follow. The first version coordinates the two ideas. The second version subordinates one idea to emphasize the other.

Back 30

At a red light, Maria jumped out of Gino's car and slammed the door, for she could not tolerate one more minute of the heavy metal music that Gino insisted on blasting from the stereo.

At a red light, Maria jumped out of Gino's car and slammed the door because she could not tolerate one more minute of the heavy metal music that Gino insisted on blasting from the stereo.

Front 31

Correlative Conjunction

Back 31

- two parts with similar structures

- both...and
- either... or
- neither... nor
- not only... but also

Front 32

Adverbial Conjunction

Back 32

- llink independent clauses
- aka conjuntive adverbs that signal cause, condition and contrast

Front 33

Interjections

Back 33

most commonly express surprise or dread

Oh.

Wow!