Essentials Of Comparative Politics- O'neil (Iii)

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political power exercised either directly or indirectly through participation, competition, and liberty

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Democracy

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a political system that promotes participation, competition, and liberty

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liberal democracy

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public participates in governance and policy-making; historically found in small communities such as ancient Athens

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Direct democracy

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Public participates through its elected representatives; the prevalent form of democracy in the modern age

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Indirect democracy

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Emphasizes the separation of powers within a state and the representation of the public through elected officials

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Republicanism

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A political system that all individuals are subject to regardless of their position or power

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Rule of Law

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The right to vote

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Suffrage

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the rules that decide how votes are cast, counted, and translated into seats in a legislature, and these systems vary widely around the world

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Electoral systems

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A geographic area that an elected official represents

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Constituency

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A system that combines plurality or majority Single-member district with Proportional Representation

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Mixed Electoral System

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Allowing a public vote on a particular policy issue

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Referendum

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A nonbinding vote called by a government in which the voters express an opinion for or against a proposal

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plebiscite

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The clear division of power between different branches of government and the provision that specific branches may check the power of other branches

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separation of powers

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The branch of government that carries out the laws and policies of a state

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executive

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The executive role that symbolizes and represents the people both nationally and internationally

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head of state

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The executive role that deals with the everyday tasks of running the state, such as formulating and executing policy

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head of government

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A political system in which the roles of head of state and head of government are assigned to separate executive offices

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parliamentary system

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A political system in which the roles of head of state and head of government are combined in one executive office.

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presidential system

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An executive system that divides power between two strong executives, a president and a prime minister

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semipresidential system

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The branch of government charged with making laws

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legislature

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A political system in which the legislature comprises two houses

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bicameral system

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A political system in which the legislature comprises one house

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unicameral system

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The highest judicial body in a political system that decides whether laws and policies violate the constitution

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constitutional court

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The mechanism by which courts can review the actions of government and overturn those that violate the constitution

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judicial review

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Judicial review that allows the constitutional court to rule on the basis of actual legal disputes brought before it

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concrete review

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Judicial review that allows the constitutional court to rule on questions that do not arise from actual legal disputes

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abstract review

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Individual rights regarding equality that are created by the constitution and the political regime

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civil rights

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Individual rights regarding freedom that are created by the constitution and the political regime

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civil liberties

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Countries that have institutionalized democracy and a high level of economic development and prosperity

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Advanced Democracies

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Secular, rational, materialistic, technological, bureaucratic, and placing a greater emphasis on individual freedom than on collective equality

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Modern

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A process by which states pool their sovereignty, surrendering some individual powers in order to gain political,economic, or societal benefits in return

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Integration

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a process by which political power is devolved, or "sent down," to lower levels of government

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Devolution

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A system in which two or more countries cooperate on issues

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Intergovernmental System

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An intergovernmental system with its own sovereign powers over member states.

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Supranational system

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Characterized by a set of values that center on "quality of life" considerations and give less attention to material gain

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postmodern

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the shift during the last half century from an economy based primarily on industry and manufacturing to one in which the majority of people are employed in the service sector, which produces the bulk of profits

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postindustrialism

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Work that does not involve creating tangible goods

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service sector