Essentials Of Comparative Politics-O'neil (Ii)

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specific attributes and societal institutions that make one group of people culturally different from others

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Ethnicity

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an institution that binds people together through a common set of political aspirations, among which the most important is self-government

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national identity

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a group of people bound together by a common set of political aspirations

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nation

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a pride in one's people and the belief that they have their own sovereign political destiny that is separate from those of others

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nationalism

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an individual's or a group's relationship to the state; those who are citizens swear allegiance to that state, and that state in return is obligated to provide rights to those individuals or the members of that group

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citizenship

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pride in one's state

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patriotism

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a sovereign state encompassing one dominant nation that it claims to embody and represent

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nation-state

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different ethnic groups struggle to achieve certain political or economic goals at each other's expense

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ethnic conflict

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one or more groups do develop clear aspirations for sovereignty, clashing with others as a result

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national conflict

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views regarding the necessary pace and scope of change between freedom and equality; typically broken up into: radical, liberal, conservative, and reactionary

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political attitudes

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Believe in dramatic, often revolutionary change of the existing political, social, or economic order

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Radicals

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Favor evolutionary transformation, believing that there is much that can be changed for the better in the current political, social, and economic institutions

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Liberals

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Question whether any significant or profound change in existing institutions is necessary

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Conservatives

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Seek to restore political, social, and economic institutions that once existed

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Reactionaries

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Sets of political values held by individuals regarding the fundamental goals of politics; concerned with ideal relationship between freedom and equality for all individuals and the proper role of political institutions in achieving or maintaining this relationship

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political ideologies

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Believe that politics should seek to create the maximum degree of liberty for all people

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Liberalism

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A system of political, social, and economic liberties, supported by competition, participation, and contestation (such as voting)

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Liberal Democracy

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Rejects the idea that personal freedom will ensure prosperity for the majority; advocates that the state control all economic resources in order to produce true economic equality for the community as a whole

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Communism

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Accepts a strong role for private ownership and market forces while still maintaining an emphasis on economic equality; a state with strong capacity and autonomy generally important

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Social Democracy
a.k.a. Socialism

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Favors a collective approach to human organization; rejects the notion of equality; hostile to the idea of individual freedom

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Fascism

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Rejects the notion of the state altogether; stresses elimination of state and private property as a way to achieve both freedom and equality for all

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Anarchism

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An ideology that seeks to unite religion with the state, or rather, to make faith the sovereign authority

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Fundamentalism

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a combined religious and political leader

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Theocracy

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those basic institutions that help define a society

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culture

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basic norms for political activity in a society; a determining factor in what ideologies will dominate a country's political regime

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political culture

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reciprocity and trust between people

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social capital

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a political regime in which a small group of individuals exercises power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public

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authoritarianism

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a highly centralized regime that possesses some form of strong ideology that seeks to transform and absorb fundamental aspects of state, society, and the economy

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totalitarianism

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compelling behavior by threatening harm

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coercion

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Members of the public are brought into a beneficial relationship with the state and government, often through corporatism or clientelism

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co-optation

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The public is encouraged to obey the leader based on his or her extraordinary qualities and compelling ideas

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personality cult

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a method by which authoritarian and totalitarian regimes regimes attempted to solidify their control over the public by creating or sanctioning a limited number or organizations to represent the interests of the public and restricting those not set up or approved by the state

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corporatism

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the state co-opts members of the public by providing specific benefits or favors to a single person or small group in return for public support

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clientelism

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a process in which political leaders essentially rent out parts of the state to their clients, who as a result control public goods that woud otherwise be distributed ina nonpolitical manner

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rent-seeking

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a rule resting on the claim that one person in alone fit to run the country, with no clear regime or roles to constrain that person's rule

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personal rule

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the ruler depends on a collection of supporters within the state who gain direct benefits in return for enforcing the ruler's will

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patrimonialism

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The military intervenes directly in politics, seing itself as th only organized force able to ensure stability

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military rule

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military forces take control o fthe government by force

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coup d'etat

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a regime in which the state bureaucracy and the military share a belief that a technocratic leadership, focused on rational, objective, technical expertise

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bureaucratic authoritarianism

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a single political party monopolizes politics , with other parties banned or excluded from power

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one-party rule

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"rule by God," where the faith is the foundation for the political regime

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Theocracy

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Regimes that are nominally democratic, but where many democratic rights are not institutionalized or respected

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Illiberal regimes