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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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composed of structures involved in the physical movement of air into and out of the lungs in gas exchange.
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Respiratory System
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Refers to the passageways that carry air to and from the exchange surfaces of the lungs
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Respiratory tract
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Portion of the respiratory tract that begins at the entrance to the nasal cavity and continues through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and the larger bronchioles
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Upper conducting portion
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Portion of the respiratory tract that includes the smallest and most delicate bronchioles and the alveoli within the lungs
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Lower respiratory portion
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Lines the conducting portion of the respiratory system
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Respiratory mucosa
Page 504 |
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A ciliated columnar epithelium containing many mucous (goblet) cells, and an underlying loose connective tissue layer (the lamina propria) containing mucous glands which secrete onto the epithelial surface
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Respiratory epithelium
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Another name for nostrils
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External nares
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Space enclosed within the flexible tissues of the nose
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Nasal vestibule
Page 505 |
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Divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides
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Nasal septum
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formed by the palatine and maxillary bones which forms the floor of the nasal cavity and separates the oral and nasal cavities
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Hard palate
Page 506 |
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Extends behind the hard palate and underlies the nasopharynx
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Soft palate
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the part of the pharynx behind and above the soft palate, directly continuous with the nasal passages
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Nasopharynx
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structure located right after the nasal cavity but before the naso pharynx
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Internal nares
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structure that projects toward the nasal septum from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
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Nasal Conchae
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Shared by the digestive and respiratory systems it extends between the internal nares and the entrances to the larynx and esophagus and consists of three subdivisions
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Pharynx
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Conected to the nasal cavity by the internal nares and extends to the posterior edge of the soft palate.
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Nasopharynx
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extends between the soft palate and the base of the tongue at the level of the hyoid bone
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Oropharynx
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Extends between the level of the hyoid bone and the entrance to the esophagus.
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Laryngopharynx
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the opening at the upper part of the larynx, between the vocal cords.
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Glottis
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a muscular and cartilaginous structure lined with mucous membrane at the upper part of the trachea in humans, in which the vocal cords are located.
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larynx or voice box
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a thin, valvelike, cartilaginous structure that covers the glottis during swallowing, preventing the entrance of food and drink into the larynx. Projects above the glottis
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Epigliottis
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The largest cartilage of the larynx, having two broad processes that join anteriorly to form the Adam's apple.
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Thyroid cartilage
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a cartilage of the larynx which provides posterior support
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Cricoid cartilage
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the upper pair of vocal cords each of which encloses a vestibular ligament, extends from one side of the thyroidcartilage in front to the arytenoid cartilage on the same side of the larynx in back, and is not directly concerned with speech production. Protects a more delicate pair of folds.
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False vocal cords
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the lower pair of vocal cords, the edges of which can be made to tense and relax by the passage of air from the lungs, thus producing vocal sound.
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True vocal cords
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A tough flexible tube that is about 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter and approximatley 11 cm (4.25 in) long
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Trachea or windpipe
Page 508 |
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These C shaped cartilages protect the airway by stiffening the tracheal walls, they prevent the trachea's collapse or overexpansion as presures change in the respiratory system
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Tracheal cartilages
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A passage of airway in the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs. Branches off to the right and left from the trachea. No gas exchange takes place in this part of the lungs
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Right and left primary bronchi
Page 509 |
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In each lung the primary bronchi branch into smaller and smaller airways forming this respiratory structure
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Bronchial tree
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As each primary bronchus enters the lung it gives rise to this respiratory structure
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Secondary Bronchi
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The secondary bronchi divide into this respiratory structure
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Tertiary bronchi
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When the diameter of the passageway has narrowed to about 1 mm (.04 in) cartilages disappear completly. This narrow passage is called a.....
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Bronchiole
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The enlargement of airway diameter
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Bronchodilation
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A reduction in the diameter of the airway
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Bronchoconstriction
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A segment of lung tissue that is bounded by connective tissue partitions and supplied by a single bronchiole, accompanied by branches of the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins
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Lobule
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The thinnest branches of the bronchial tree
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Respiratory bronchioles
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Respiratory bronchioles open into passageways called
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Alveolar ducts
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Alveolar ducts end at what respiratory structure
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Alveolar sacs
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is a type of macrophage found in the pulmonary alveolus, that patrol the epithelium phagocytizing dust or debris that has reached the alveolar surfaces
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Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
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Scattered among the squamous cells are larger cells that secrete an oily secreattion called surfactant onto the alveolar surface. What are these cells called?
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Septal Cells
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An oily secretion created by septal cells that is secreted onto the alveolar surface
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Surfactant
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When surfactant levels are inadequate (as a result of injury or genetic abnormalities) each inhalation must be forceful enough to pop open the alveoli. An individual with this condition is experiencing what?
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Respiratory distress syndrome
Page 512 |
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A composite structure made up of an alveolar epithelial cell, a capillary endotheilal cell, and their fussed basement membranes.
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Respiratory membrane
Page 512 Diagram page 511 |
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The blockage of a branch of a pulmonary artery will stop blood flow to a group of lobules or alveoli. This condition is called
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Pulmonary embolism
Page 512 |
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This lung consisting of 3 lobes:
1.Superior 2.Middle 3.Inferior |
Right lung
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The lung consisting of only 2 lobes::
1.Superior 2.Inferior |
Left lung
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In anterior view the medial edge of the right lung forms a vertical line wheras the medial margin of the left lung is indented. This is called the....
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Cardiac notch
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Pleura that covers the inner surface of the body wall and extends over the diaphragm and mediastinum
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Parietal pleura
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Pleura that covers the outer surfaces of the lungs extending into the fissures between the lobes
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Visceral pleura
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During breathing friction is reduced between the pleural surfaces through the lubricating action secreted by both pleural layers.This fluid is called....
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Pleural fluid
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Pleural fluid obtained for diagnostic purposes using a long needle inserted between the ribs
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Thoracentesis
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An injury to the chest wall that penetrates the parietal plura or damages the alveoli and the visceral plura can allow air into the pleural cavity. This condition is known as...
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Pneumothorax
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Lung volume reduced by the accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity
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Hemothorax
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includes all the processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body's interstital fluids and the external environment. The purpose is meeting the respiratory demands of the cells.
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External respiration
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The absorption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by the cells
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Internal respiration
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Low tissue oxygen levels that place severe limits on the metabolic activities of the affected area
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Hypoxia
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The supply of oxygen completely cut off from the tissues
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Anoxia
(Cells will die very quickly) Page 514 |
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The physical movement of air into and out of the respiratory tract
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Pulmonary ventilation
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A single breath consisting of an inhalation (inspiration) and exhalation (expiration)
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Respiratory cycle
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Number of breaths in one minute
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Respiratory rate
Adult 12 - 18 Children 18 - 20 Page 514 |
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The movement of air into and out of alveoli
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Alveolar ventilation
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The difference between high pressure and low presure in regards to the movement of air
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Pressure gradient
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An indication of the lungs resilience and ability to expand.
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Compliane
The lower the compliance, the greater is the force required to fill and empty the lungs. The greater the compliance the easier it is to fill and empty the lungs. Page 516 |
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Inhalation that involves muscular contractions but exhalation is passive
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Quiet breathing
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Inhalation and exhalation are active. Involves the accessory muscles during inhalation and the internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles during exhalation
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Forced breathing
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The amount of air moved into or out of the lungs during a single respiratory cycle
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Tidal volume
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the additional amount of air that can be voluntarily expired from the lungs by determined effort after normal expiration
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Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
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The amount of air that can be taken in over and above the resting tidal volume
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Inspiratory reserve volume
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The sum of the inspiratory reserve volume, the expiratory reserve volume, and the tidal volume
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Vital capacity
The maximum amount of air that can be moved into and out of the respiratory system in a single respiratory cycle Page 517 |
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The amount of air that remains in your lungs even after a maximal exhalation
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Residual volume
Males typically about 1200 mL Females about 1100 mL Page 517 |
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When the chest cavity has been penetratedd, as in pneumothorax, the lungs collapse, and the amount of air in the respiratory system is reduced
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Minimal volume
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A typical inhalation pulls around 500 mL of air into the respiratory system. The first 350 mL travels along the conducting passageways and enters the alveolar spaces, but the last 150 mL never gets farther than the conducting passageways and does not take part in gas exchange with the blood. The total volume of these passageways (150 mL) is known as....
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Anatomic dead space
(of the lungs) Page 518 |
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A device used to measure parameters such as vital capacity, expiratory reserve volume, and inspiratory reserve volume.
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Spirometer
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A device used to determine the rate of air movement
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Pneumotachometer
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Records the maximum rate of forced expiration
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Peak flow meter
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The presure contributed by a single gas within a gas
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Partial pressure (P)
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What does N2 stand for
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Nitrogen molecules
Most abundant molecule in the air we breathe acounting for 78.6 % Oxygen is second with 20.9 % Page 518 |
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Three pairs of nuclei in the reticular formation of the pons and medulla oblongata
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Respiratory centers
Page 523 |
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Set the pace for respiration
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Respiratory rhythmicity centers
Page 523 |
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Click here for a key point
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Within the respiratory rhythmicity center of the medula oblongata the Dorsal respiratory group (DRG) contains an inspiratory center
Page 523 |
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Click here for a key point
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Within the respiratory rhythmicity center of the medula oblongata the ventral respiratory group contains an expiratory center
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This respiratory reflex prevents the lungs from overexpanding during forced breathing
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Inflation reflex
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This respiratory reflex inhibits the expiratory center and stimulates the inspiratory center when the lungs are collapsing
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Deflation reflex
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Together the inflation reflex and deflation reflex are known as...
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The Hering -Breuer reflexes
Named after the physiologists who described them in 1865 Page 524 |
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a condition where there is too much carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood.
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Hypercapnia
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An increase in the rate and depth of respiration
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Hyperventilation
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occurs when ventilation is inadequate
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Hypoventilation
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1. incomplete expansion of the lungs at birth, as from lack of breathing force.
2. collapse of the lungs, as from bronchial obstruction. |
atelectasis
Page 530 matching exercise |
