Essentials Of A & P:chap 4 Tissue, Glands, And Membranes

Front 1

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

Back 1

Covers the outer layer of skin, the internal surfaces, lining the cavities of the body, and forms most glands. Consist almost entirely of cells with very little extracellular material between them. Usual contains a free surface, which is not in contact with other cells, and a basement membrane which is acts as a barrier while connecting the epithelial tissue to underlying tissues.

Hint 1

p 73

Front 2

Epithelial is classified according to what?

Back 2

The number of cell layers and the shape of the cells.

Hint 2

p 73

Front 3

Simple squamous epithelium

Back 3

A single layer of thin, flat cells. Often found where diffusion and filtration take place.

Ex Alveoli where oxygen is let in and carbon dioxide is release out.

Hint 3

p 73

Front 4

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Back 4

A single layer of cube like cells that carry out active transport, facilitated diffusion, or secretion.

Hint 4

p 74

Front 5

Simple columnar epithelium

Back 5

A single layer of tall thin cells, which contain organelles, allowing them to perform complex functions. Functions include movement of particles, secretion, and absorption.

Hint 5

p 74

Front 6

Stratified

Back 6

Several or more than one layers of cells.

Hint 6

p 77

Front 7

What is the function of cell layers and shape in epithelium?

Back 7

Determines the specific function the epithelium performs. Single layer, deal with movement. Stratified deals with protection. Flat and thin cells deal with diffusion or filtration. Large cells deal with absorption.

Hint 7

p 78

Front 8

What is the function of free cell surfaces in epithelium?

Back 8

The space can be smooth or can have microvilli or cilia. Smooth reduce friction, ex blood vessels have smooth free cell surface which allow less friction on blood cells. Microvilli increase cell surface area, involve in absorption. Cilia propel materials along the surface of cells.

Hint 8

p 79

Front 9

What is the function of connections between cells in epithelium?

Back 9

Regulates what material cross the epithelial layer. Allow intercellular communication.

Hint 9

p 79 and summary

Front 10

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Back 10

Simple epithelium that appears to have two or more cell layers.

Hint 10

summary

Front 11

Transitional epithelium

Back 11

Stratified epithelium that can be greatly stretched.

Hint 11

summary

Front 12

Glands

Back 12

A multicellular structure that secretes substances onto a surface, into a cavity, or into the blood.

Hint 12

p 80

Front 13

exocrine glands

Back 13

Glands with ducts, can be simple (no branches) or compound (many branches. The end of the duct can be tubular, are a saclike structure called acinus. Some compound glands have acini and tubules that secret substances.

Hint 13

p 80

Front 14

Endocrine glands

Back 14

Glands that have no ducts and empty their secretions into the blood. Secretions which are called hormones, are carried by the blood to other parts of the body.

Hint 14

p 80-81

Front 15

Connective tissue

Back 15

Usually characterized by large amounts of extracellular material that separate cells from one another. Function to hold tissue together and provides a supporting framework for the body. The extracellular matrix has three major components (1) protein fibers, (2) ground consisting of nonfibrous protein and other molecules, and (3) fluid.

Hint 15

p 81

Front 16

List the six major categories of connective tissue

Back 16

1. Loose
2. Adipose
3. Dense
4. Cartilage
5. Bone
6. Blood

Hint 16

p 81 table 4.4

Front 17

Loose (areolar) connective tissue

Back 17

The "loose packing" material of the body, which fills the spaces between organs and holds them in place.

Hint 17

summary

Front 18

Adipose tissue

Back 18

Connective tissue which functions to store energy. Adipose tissue also pads and protects parts of the body and acts as a thermal insulator.

Hint 18

summary

Front 19

Dense tissue

Back 19

Connective tissue consists of matrix containing densely packed collagen fibers (tendons, ligaments, and dermis of the skin) or of matrix containing densely packed elastic fibers (elastic ligaments and in the walls of arteries.

Hint 19

summary

Front 20

Cartilage tissue

Back 20

Gives strength, flexibility, support, allowing slight compression with the ability to spring back after being compress.

Hint 20

p 85

Front 21

Describe the three types of cartilage tissue:

Back 21

Hyaline cartilage covers the ends of bones, design to withstand repeated compression.
Fibrocartilage has more collogen which resist stretching but allow flexibility.
Elastic cartilage contains elastic fiber in addition to collagen and proteoglycans, traps large quantities of water, like the ears.

Hint 21

p 85

Front 22

Bone

Back 22

A hard connective tissue that consists of living cells and a mineralized matrix.

Hint 22

p 86

Front 23

Blood

Back 23

Has a liquid matrix and is found in blood vessels.

Hint 23

summary

Front 24

What are the three types of muscle tissue and their functions?

Back 24

1. Skeletal-muscle attached to the skeleton which enables the body movement. Under voluntary movement.

2. Cardiac muscle-The muscle of the heart responsible for pumping blood. It is under involuntary control.

3. Smooth muscle-forms the walls of hollow organs (except the heart) and also is found in the skin and the eyes. Responsible for a number of functions from movement of food through the digestive tract to emptying the urinary system.

Hint 24

p 87

Front 25

Nervous tissue

Back 25

Consist of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Responsible for coordinating and controlling many bodily activities.

Hint 25

p 89

Front 26

Neuron

Back 26

Responsible for conduction of action potentials. Much like the nucleus in other cells.

Hint 26

p 89

Front 27

membrane

Back 27

A thin sheet or layer of tissue that covers a structure or lines a cavity. Two main type are mucous and serous membrane.

Hint 27

p 89

Front 28

Mucous membrane

Back 28

Consist of various kinds of epithelium resting on a thick layer of loose connective tissue. Lines cavities that open to the outside of the body, such as digestive, respiratory, excretory, and reproductive tracts. Function vary depending on location, and include, protection absorption, and secretion.

Hint 28

p 89

Front 29

Serous membrane

Back 29

Consist of simple squamous epithelium resting on a delicate layer of loose connective tissue. Lines the trunk cavities and the organs located within these cavities. Secretes serous fluid which covers the surface of the membranes. Provide lubrication, prevents damage from abrasion when cavities rub against one another.

Hint 29

p 89-90

Front 30

Inflammation

Back 30

Functions to isolate and destroy harmful agents, produces five symptoms: redness, heat, swelling, pain, and disturbance of function.

Hint 30

summary

Front 31

Tissue repair

Back 31

Labile cells divide and can undergo regeneration.

Stable cells do not ordinarily divide but can regenerate if necessary.

Permanent cells have little or no ability to divide.

Hint 31

p 96

Front 32

What is the age-related change that occur in cells and in extracellular matrix?

Back 32

Cells divided more slowly. Extracellular matrix containing collagen and elastic fibers become less flexible and less elastic. Skin wrinkles, elasticing in arteries is reduced and bones break much easier.

Hint 32

summary