Essential Medical Terminology 16-17

Front 1

Bowman's Capsule

Back 1

cup-shaped end of renal tubule containing the glomerulus

Front 2

calyx

Back 2

cup-shaped part of the renal pelvis through which urine passes from the renal tubules

Front 3

catheter

Back 3

a hollow, flexible tube that can be inserted into a body cavity or vessel to allow instilling or withdrawing fluid

Front 4

cortex

Back 4

the outer layer of the kidney

Front 5

glomerulus

Back 5

collection of coiled intertwined capillaries located in the kidney cortex

Front 6

kidneys

Back 6

two organs on posterior abdominal wall that filter the blood, excreting the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine, and regulating body mineral levels

Front 7

meatus

Back 7

an opening or tunnel through any part of the body, as in the urinary meatus, which is the external opening of the urethra

Front 8

nephron

Back 8

the structural and functional unit of the kidney, the parenchyma, numbering about a million and capable of forming urine

Front 9

medulla

Back 9

the inner layer of the kidney

Front 10

renal artery

Back 10

one of a pair of large arteries branching from the abdominal aorta to supply blood to the kidneys, adrenal glands, and the ureters.

Front 11

renal pelvis

Back 11

the funnel-shaped expansion of the upper end of the ureter

Front 12

renal tubule

Back 12

long, twisted tube leading from glomerulus to collecting tubules

Front 13

renal vein

Back 13

one of two large veins that carries blood from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava

Front 14

ureter

Back 14

the tubular structure through which urine passes from the kidney to the bladder

Front 15

urethra

Back 15

the passage through which urine is discharged from the bladder to the body exterior

Front 16

urinary bladder

Back 16

musculomembranous sac that stores urine, receiving it through the ureters and discharging it through the urethra

Front 17

urinary meatus

Back 17

opening of the urethra to the exterior

Front 18

azoturia

Back 18

excess urea in urine

Front 19

calcus

Back 19

kidney stones

Front 20

cystitis

Back 20

inflammation of the urinary bladder

Front 21

dialysate

Back 21

a solution of water and electrolytes that passes through the artificial kidney to remove excess fluids and wastes from the blood; also called baths.

Front 22

dialysis

Back 22

the process of using an artificial kidney to filter waste materials from the body

Front 23

floating kidney

Back 23

an unsecured kidney

Front 24

glomerulonephritis

Back 24

nephritis with inflammation of the capillary loops in the renal glomeruli

Front 25

hydronephrosis

Back 25

distention of the renal pelvis with urine, caused by obstruction of the ureter

Front 26

nephrolithiasis

Back 26

a condition marked by the presence of renal calcili (stones)

Front 27

nephroptosis

Back 27

downward displacement of a kidney

Front 28

nephrorrhapy

Back 28

suture of the kidney

Front 29

peritonitis

Back 29

inflammation of the peritoneum

Front 30

pyelitis

Back 30

inflammation of the renal pelvis

Front 31

renal failure

Back 31

kidney fails to function normally

Front 32

renal transplant

Back 32

transferring a kidney surgically from one person to the other to replace a diseased structure

Front 33

uremia

Back 33

the retention of toxic body waste in the blood

Front 34

ureterostomy

Back 34

creation of a new outlet for a ureter through the abdominal wall to the outside

Front 35

urethritis

Back 35

inflammation of the urethra

Front 36

UTI

Back 36

an infection of the urinary tract

Front 37

Wilm's Tumor

Back 37

a malignant tumor of the kidney, usually affecting children under the age of 5

Front 38

albuminuria

Back 38

abnormal presence of serum albumin (protein) in the urine

Front 39

anuria

Back 39

no urine produced

Front 40

bacteriuria

Back 40

bacteria in the urine

Front 41

bladder distension

Back 41

full urinary bladder

Front 42

blood chemistries

Back 42

blood test for kidney function, especially blood urea nitrogen and creatine

Front 43

blood urea nitrogen

Back 43

the urea concentration of serum or plasma

Front 44

catheterization

Back 44

passages of a catheter into the bladder to relieve bladder distention or for other purposes

Front 45

Clinitest

Back 45

popular test for urine glucose or other substances

Front 46

continent

Back 46

able to control urination

Front 47

cytoscopy

Back 47

visual exam of urinary tract with cytoscope

Front 48

diuresis

Back 48

increased excretion of urine

Front 49

dysuria

Back 49

painful or difficult urination

Front 50

enuresis

Back 50

uncontrolled urination while sleeping

Front 51

frequency (urgency)

Back 51

desire to urinate at short intervals, but discharging in small amounts because of reduced bladder capacity

Front 52

glycosuria

Back 52

high level of sugar, especially glucose, in the urine

Front 53

incontinent

Back 53

unable to control urination

Front 54

intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

Back 54

a technique in radiology for examining the structures and evaluating the function of the urinary system

Front 55

I & O

Back 55

intake and output

Front 56

ketonuria

Back 56

excessive amounts of ketone bodies in the urine

Front 57

KUB

Back 57

abbreviation for kidney, ureter, and bladder

Front 58

micturate

Back 58

urinate

Front 59

nocturia

Back 59

excessive urination at night

Front 60

oliguria

Back 60

excreting small amounts of urine

Front 61

polydipsia

Back 61

excessive thirst

Front 62

pyuria

Back 62

pus in the urine

Front 63

retrograde pyelogram

Back 63

a technique in radiology for examining the structures of the collecting system of the kidneys that is especially useful in locating an obstruction in the urinary tract

Front 64

scan (renal)

Back 64

an image produced after the patient is injected with a radioactive substance

Front 65

Testape

Back 65

special paper that changes color when dipped in urine

Front 66

ultrasonography

Back 66

imaging body structures by recording the echoes of high-frequency sound waves reflected by body tissues on a paper or other device

Front 67

urinalysis

Back 67

analysis of the urine

Front 68

urinary retention

Back 68

inability to urinate for various reasons

Front 69

vesico

Back 69

a combining form meaning "pertaining to the bladder"

Front 70

void

Back 70

to empty the bladder, urinate

Front 71

Cowper's glands

Back 71

pea-sized glands that secrete lubricating fluid during intercourse

Front 72

glans penis

Back 72

tip of the penis

Front 73

gonad

Back 73

the male sex glands called the testes

Front 74

penis

Back 74

the organ of copulation

Front 75

perineum

Back 75

area between the scrotum and anus

Front 76

prepuce

Back 76

fold of skin covering the glans penis at birth; foreskin

Front 77

prostate gland

Back 77

gland surrounding the neck of the bladder and urethra, contributes secretions that enhance sperm motility and neutralizes acidic vaginal secretion.

Front 78

scrotum

Back 78

two-compartment sac outside the body that houses the testes

Front 79

seminal vesicle

Back 79

glands that secrete a thick, yellowish fluid known as seminal fluid into the vas deferens

Front 80

testis

Back 80

one of the pair of male gonads that produce semen

Front 81

appendicular

Back 81

an appendage; limbs

Front 82

axis

Back 82

a line that passes through the center of the body traversing skull, thorax, and vertebral column

Front 83

ethmoid

Back 83

the light and spongy bone at the base of the cranium; the upper nasal bone between the eyes

Front 84

frontal

Back 84

forhead

Front 85

mandible

Back 85

large bone constituting jaw bone

Front 86

maxilla

Back 86

one of a pair of large bones forming upper jaw

Front 87

occipital

Back 87

the cup-like bone at the back of the skull

Front 88

parietal

Back 88

skull bone (top of head)

Front 89

sphenoid

Back 89

bone at the base of the skull, anterior to the temporal bone

Front 90

temporal bone

Back 90

large bone forming part of the temples

Front 91

turbinate

Back 91

cone-shaped nasal bone

Front 92

clavicle

Back 92

a long, curved, horizontal bone just above the first rib (collar bone)

Front 93

femur

Back 93

the thigh bone, extending from pelvis to knee

Front 94

fibula and tibia

Back 94

fibula is the smallest bone of the leg and the tibia is the second longest bone of the skeleton, located at the medial side of the leg

Front 95

humerus

Back 95

upper-arm bone, consisting of a body, a head and a condyle

Front 96

radius and ulna

Back 96

the radius is the larger of the two bones of the forearm; the ulna is the bone on the medial or the little-finger side of the forearm, lying parallel with the radius.

Front 97

scapula

Back 97

shoulder blade

Front 98

sternum

Back 98

the elongated, flattened bone forming the middle portion of the thorax (breastbone)

Front 99

vertebral column

Back 99

the flexible structure that forms the longitudinal axis (backbone of the skeleton); has 26 separate vertebrae arranged vertically

Front 100

hyoid

Back 100

point of attachment for muscles of head and throat

Front 101

lachrymal

Back 101

two bones that house the tear ducts

Front 102

nasal

Back 102

two bones that shape the nose

Front 103

palatine

Back 103

forms the hard pallet (roof of mouth)

Front 104

vomer

Back 104

lower part of the nasal septum

Front 105

zygomatic

Back 105

two bones, one on each side of the face (cheek bones)

Front 106

ball and socket

Back 106

a joint where the globular head of an articulating bone is received into a cup-like cavity

Front 107

hinge

Back 107

hinge joint (knee, elbow, shoulder)

Front 108

sutures

Back 108

lines of junction btwn the bones of the skull

Front 109

intervertebral

Back 109

the fibrous substance between the disks of the spinal vertebrae

Front 110

aponeurosis

Back 110

a flattened tendon, connecting a muscle with the parts it moves

Front 111

bursa

Back 111

a fluid-filled sac located in tissues to reduce friction

Front 112

fascia

Back 112

a sheet of fibrous tissue holding muscle fibers together

Front 113

interphalangeal

Back 113

between two contiguous joints and phalanges

Front 114

lamina

Back 114

the flattened part of the vertebral arch

Front 115

meniscus

Back 115

a crescent shaped fibrocartilage in the knee joint

Front 116

synovial fluid

Back 116

the transparent, viscid fluid found in joint cavities, bursae and tendon sheaths

Front 117

tendon

Back 117

a fibrous cord of connective tissue attaching the muscle to bone or cartilage

Front 118

theca

Back 118

a case or sheath of a tendon

Front 119

acetabulum

Back 119

the cup-shaped cavity (socket) receiving the head of the femur

Front 120

foramen

Back 120

holes in a bone for large vessels and nerves to pass through

Front 121

fossa

Back 121

a hollow or depressed area

Front 122

groove

Back 122

a narrow, linear hollow or depression in bone

Front 123

malleolus

Back 123

a rounded process, such as the protuberance on either side of the ankle joint, at the lower end of the fibula or the tibia

Front 124

olecranon

Back 124

bony projection of the ulna at the elbow

Front 125

prominence

Back 125

protrusion or projection

Front 126

sinus

Back 126

one definition is a recess, cavity, or channel such as one in bone

Front 127

tuberosity

Back 127

an elevation or protuberance, especially of a bone

Front 128

biceps brachii

Back 128

muscle extending from scapula to radius

Front 129

buccinator

Back 129

fleshy part of the cheek

Front 130

cardiac muscle

Back 130

specialized muscle found in the walls of the heart

Front 131

deltoid

Back 131

muscle covering the shoulder joint

Front 132

gastrocnemius

Back 132

main calf muscle

Front 133

gluteus maximus

Back 133

fleshy part of the buttocks; extends from ilium to femur

Front 134

hamstring

Back 134

muscle in posterior thigh used for knee flexion

Front 135

latissimus dorsi

Back 135

muscle extending from lower vertebrae to humerus

Front 136

masseter

Back 136

muscle at angle of jaw

Front 137

orbicularis occuli

Back 137

body of the eyelid, opens and closes the eye

Front 138

orbicularis oris

Back 138

muslce surrounding the mouth, closes and purses the lips

Front 139

pectoralis major

Back 139

large, fan-shaped muscle across the front of the chest

Front 140

quadriceps femoris

Back 140

anterior thigh muscle

Front 141

skeletal muscle

Back 141

also called striated or voluntary muscles; muscles attached to skeletal bones except for face, eyes, tongue, and throat

Front 142

smooth muscle

Back 142

found in the walls of the stomach, intestine, blood vessels, and respiratory tract. also called involuntary

Front 143

sternomastoid

Back 143

muscle extending from sternum to side of the neck

Front 144

temporal

Back 144

muscle above the ear, used for opening and closing the jaw

Front 145

trapezius

Back 145

triangular muscle extending from back of shoulder to clavicle

Front 146

triceps brachii

Back 146

muscle extending from scapula to ulna; responsible for extending the elbow

Front 147

flexion

Back 147

bending

Front 148

extension

Back 148

straightening

Front 149

adduction

Back 149

towards median

Front 150

abduction

Back 150

drawing away from the median

Front 151

pronation

Back 151

face down

Front 152

supination

Back 152

face up

Front 153

proximal

Back 153

near

Front 154

distal

Back 154

far

Front 155

contracture

Back 155

permanent contraction of a muscle

Front 156

muscle atrophy

Back 156

wasting away of a muscle from disuse

Front 157

muscle hypertrophy

Back 157

muscle enlargement from overuse

Front 158

muscle tone

Back 158

normal degree of vigor and tension in a muscle

Front 159

paralysis

Back 159

loss of muscular contraction because of nerve damage

Front 160

paresis

Back 160

slight or incomplete paralysis

Front 161

fracture

Back 161

the breaking of a bone

Front 162

skull fracture

Back 162

fracture of the skull

Front 163

torn ligament, tendon or cartilage

Back 163

a complete or partial tear of a ligament, tendon, or cartilage

Front 164

subluxation

Back 164

partial dislocation

Front 165

spondylolisthesis

Back 165

forward displacement of a vertebra over a lower segment; a type of dislocation

Front 166

arthritis

Back 166

inflammation of a joint

Front 167

bursitis

Back 167

inflammation of a bursa

Front 168

carpal tunnel

Back 168

of the wrist and hand, caused by pressure on the median nerve in the wrist

Front 169

collagen disease

Back 169

a group of diseases with widespread pathologic changes in connective tissue

Front 170

gout

Back 170

a hereditary form of arthritis caused by accumulation of uric acid crystals, especially in big toe

Front 171

herniated nucleus pulposus

Back 171

a rupture of the fibrocartilage surrounding an intervertebral disk, releasing the nucleus pulposus that cushions the vertebrae above and below

Front 172

kyphosis

Back 172

humpback or hunchback; a spiny deformity

Front 173

Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease

Back 173

osteochondrosis of the head of the femur in children

Front 174

lordosis

Back 174

exaggerated forward curvature of the lumbar spine

Front 175

muscular dystrophy

Back 175

genetic diseases with progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles

Front 176

myasthenia gravis

Back 176

lack of muscle strength

Front 177

myositis

Back 177

inflammation of a voluntary muscle

Front 178

Osgood-Schlatter disease

Back 178

inflammation of the tibial tubercle caused by chronic irritation and seen in athletes

Front 179

osteochondritis

Back 179

inflammation of the bone and cartilage

Front 180

osteochondrosis

Back 180

disease of the bone and cartilage

Front 181

osteomalacia

Back 181

softening of the bones resulting from vitamin D deficiency

Front 182

osteomyelitis

Back 182

inflammation of bone and marrow caused by bacterial infection

Front 183

osteoporosis

Back 183

porous condition of bones

Front 184

rheumatism

Back 184

disorders marked by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement of the CT structures especially in joints and related structures and attended by pain, stiffness or limitation of motion

Front 185

rickets

Back 185

vitamin D deficiency, especially in infancy and childhood

Front 186

sarcoma

Back 186

a malignant tumor of bone

Front 187

scoliosis

Back 187

lateral curvature of the spine

Front 188

spina bifida

Back 188

a congenital defect in the spine

Front 189

spondylitis

Back 189

inflammation fo the vertebrae

Front 190

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Back 190

a chronic inflammatory disease affecting many systems of the body

Front 191

tendinitis

Back 191

inflammation of a tendon

Front 192

arthrocentesis

Back 192

puncture of a joint cavity to remove fluid

Front 193

anthroscopy

Back 193

examination of the interior of a joint with an endoscope

Front 194

arthotomy

Back 194

surgical creation of an opening into a joint

Front 195

electromyogram

Back 195

the film record made and the study of muscular contraction

Front 196

external fixation

Back 196

the process of making a bone immovable

Front 197

fracture reduction

Back 197

the correction of a fracture

Front 198

laminectomy with diskectomy

Back 198

excision of the psoterior arch of a vertebra

Front 199

meniscectomy

Back 199

excision of a meniscus

Front 200

myelogram

Back 200

the film produced by radiography of the spinal cord after injection of a dye into the spinal cavity

Front 201

myogram

Back 201

a record produced by myography; same as electromyogram

Front 202

replantation

Back 202

the insertion of an organ or tissue in a new site of the body

Front 203

spondylosyndesis

Back 203

surgical creation of ankylosis between contiguous vertebrae; spinal fusion

Front 204

traction

Back 204

the act of drawing or pulling

Front 205

ANA

Back 205

antinuclear antibodies

Front 206

ASO

Back 206

antistreptolysin O

Front 207

CRP

Back 207

C-reactive protein

Front 208

DJD

Back 208

degenerative joint disease

Front 209

ORIF

Back 209

open reduction internal fixation

Front 210

RA

Back 210

rheumatoid arthritis

Front 211

SLE (LE)

Back 211

systemic lupus erythematosus

Front 212

SR (ESR)

Back 212

sedimentation rate