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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The ease with which fluids pass through a rock is determined by the rock's
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permeability
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Which of the following would probably have the highest porosity?
1. Sandstone 2. rock salt 3. granite 4. gneiss |
sandstone
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Most of the water in the hydrosphere is found in
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the oceans
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Properly, ground water is
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water in the saturated zone
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The vadose zone is also known as the
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unsaturated zone
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The set of processes by which ground water is replenished is termed
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recharge
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ground water discharge occurs
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Through springs and seeps. through stream and river bottoms and sides. Into marshes and swamps. Through water wells.
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to be useful as a source of water, a rock must be
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both porous and permeable
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assuming that all of the following rocks are unfractured and unweathered, which would likely make make the best aquifer?
1. granite 2. basalt 3. shale 4. sandstone |
sandstone
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Artesian conditions require
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a confined aquifter
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"underground rivers" may exist
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both in soluble aquifers, such as limestone, gypsum, or halite, where large diameter continuous paths can exist and in lava tubes are correct.
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The mathematical expression of water flowing underground
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is called Darcy's Law
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Karst aquifers
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Usually are plentiful supplies of fresh water. Recharge and discharge relatively rapidly, making these aquifers difficult to deplete but also vulnerable to pollution from the surface. Provide very little in the way of natural filtration that can reduce suspended particles and dissolved pollutants.
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Where abundant ground water percolates through lime-stones,_______ may be formed.
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sinkholes
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Hard water is
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what containing high levels of dissolve calcium and magnesium.
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limitations on the use of surface water as a water source include.
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Basic lack of surface water in some regions. Seasonality of stream-flow. Past use of some lakes and streams for dumping waste water.
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The largest reservoir of unfrozen fresh water is.
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ground water
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Around an actively pumped well in an unconfined aquifer, a_______ may develop in the water table.
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Cone depression
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A drop in the potentiometric surface of an aquifer.
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reflects water use exceeding recharge
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possible consequences of excessive ground water withdrawal include
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Surface subsidence
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recharge of aquifers may be reduced by
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the filling in of a swamp for construction. construction over the recharge area of a confined aquifer. increasing the efficiency of surface runoff.
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Ground water constitutes about ____ percent of fresh water withdrawn for use in the the United States.
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25%
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recharge of ground water
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varies according to the geology and climate of the region, and so ground water may have been underground a few years (karst regions) to 10,000 years or more (midwestern USA).
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Most of the water withdrawn for use in the U.S. is consumed by
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industry
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most of the water consumed in the U.S. is consumed by
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agriculture
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Use of water for irrigation
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could be more efficient with drip irrigation
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Lake Chad, on the border of the Sahara Desert.
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is a shrinking, shallow-water lake, depleted both by withdrawals for irrigation and by lack of recharge during a multi-decade period of declining rainfall.
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the membrane filtration method of desalinization
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works well only on water with low concentrations of dissolved impurities
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solar-power distillation of water
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become more saline because it passes through soluble rocks. Is greatly reduced in volume by heavy use and evaporation loss from reservoirs. Becomes more saline becomes more saline because of selective extraction of fresher water.
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Water use for irrigation in the region of the Aral Sea has resulted in
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health problems from blowing toxic dust
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A stream's load consists of
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the amount of solid material (suspended and bed load) carried by the water in a stream
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A drainage basin
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Includes the area from which surface water flows into a stream segment. For a river includes all the drainage basins for that river's tributaries. Increases in size and proportion to the size of the stream or river it feeds, for the same climate.
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The principal source of evaporated water that become precipitation is
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the oceans
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The volume of water flowing past a point along a stream in a given period of time is the stream's
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discharge
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the suspended load of a stream consists of
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fine sediment carried in suspension
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The steepness or slope of a stream channel in he direction of low is the channel's
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gradient
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A fan-shaped pile of sediment deposited at a stream's mouth is a
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delta
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a stream creates its own flood-plain by
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erosion during meander migration. Sediment deposition during meander migration. Sediment deposition during flooding.
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a flood crest
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is the maximum stage of the river at any point along the stream from a flood event.
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A cut-off meander is also known as
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an oxbow
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A depositional feature formed when a fast flowing stream from a mountain flows out into a plain.
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an alluvial fan
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on the inside bank or a meander, where water flow slows, _____may be deposited.
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a point bar
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all other factors being equal, the risk of stream flooding is probably greatest
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in an area that receives its rain mostly in a few intense storms
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the risk of flooding would be reduced would be reduced by
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very porous and permeable soil
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a hydrograph is
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a plot of stream stage or discharge versus time.
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a region has just had a 100 year flood. that means that.
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a flood event of that size has a 1 percent probability of occurrence in the next year.
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urbanization in a flood plain
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increases flood hazards by reducing flood plain storage capacity and increasing surface runoff.
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Suitable uses for floodplain land include
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grazing land for livestock. a municipal park. a golf course
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a basin designed to hold surplus surface runoff, keeping it out of a stream, is
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a retention pond
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artificial levees built along a stream
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may, if breached, trap floodwaters behind them.
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constructing a flood control dam and reservoir
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may incidentally make irrigation or hydropower generation possible. May create a recreational facility. will restrict navigation and migration along the stream
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when a stream carrying suspended sediment enters a reservoir.
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it deposits its suspended sediment load.
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the U.S. geological survey and the national weather service work together to.
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alert the public about impending flash flooding by using drainage basin characteristics (USGS) and meteorological events (NWS) to predict areas and timing where rapid water level rise may occur
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saltation is a procress by which streams dissolve soluble minerals and become saltier.
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false
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a stream's base level is the lowest level to which it can cut down or erode its channel
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true
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stream deposited sediments are often well sorted because the size of particles moved is a function of velocity
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true
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A cut bank is the outside bank of a mender that is subject to erosion.
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true
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what is the largest source of available fresh water?
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groundwater
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which type of stream pattern has a branching, tree like pattern?
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dendritic
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which type of stream weathers and erodes vertically?
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dendritic
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what principle type of load removes the material from limestone areas?
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dissolved load
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what is the area drained by a stream and its tributaries?
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drainage basin
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which of the following is not a flood prevention measure?
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flood insurance
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the largest particle a stream can carry is called its...
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competence
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flood plains are depositional features
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true
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floods only occur where human activities alter natural stream systems.
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false
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floods usually only affect human development in flood plains
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false
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floods can occur in winter
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true
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wetlands help to minimize the effects flooding.
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true
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Surface Subsidence
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Lowering the water table. the aquifer rocks, no longer saturated with water, may become compacted from the weight of overlying rocks
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Point Bar
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a sedimentary feature built i a stream channel, on the inside of a meander, or anywhere the water slows.
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Oxbow
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Old meanders now cut off or abandoned by a stream.
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Cone Depression
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A broadly conical depression of the water table or potentiometric surface caused by pumped groundwater withdrawal.
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Saltation
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Material of intermediate size may be carried in short hops along the stream bed.
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Karst Aquifer
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Terrain characterized by abundant formation of underground solution cavities and sinkholes; commonly underlain by limestone.
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Alluvial fan
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a wedge-shaped sediment deposit left where a tributary flows into a more slowly flowing stream, or where a mountain stream flows into a desert.
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