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37 Cards in this Set

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What are 2 basic methods used for classification of marine sediments?
1- Genetic
2- Descriptive
Classified by Origins
Classified by Texture Differences
Marine sediments originate by which three basic processes?
Biological
Physical
Chemical
What are the physical genetic classifications?
Terrigenous
Cosmogenous
There are 2 out of the 4 genetic classifications.
What is the chemical genetic classification?
Hydrogenous
1/4
What is the biological genetic classification?
Biogenous
1/4
What is the classification for sediment 'made by earth'?
Terrigenous
What is the classification for sediment 'made by space'?
Cosmogenous
What is the classification for sediment 'made by life'?
Biogenous
What is the classification for sediment 'made by water'?
Hydrogenous
What are 3 basic ways terrigenous sediments transported?
1 - Rivers
2 - Wind
3 - Turbidity Currents
What is wind blown dust that accumulates slowly far from continental margins?
Abyssal clays
After the slope and after the rise, comes the ___ plain...
What is volcanogenic sediment an example of?
Terrigenous sediment
It is wind blown ash from volcanoes.
What is glacial marine sediment an example of?
Terrigenous sediment
Ice rafted debris
What makes meteor debris floating in the sea cosmogenous sediment and not hydrogenous sediment?
Hydrogenous sediment MUST be a mineral precipitated out of seawater chemically.
Biogenous sediments originate from what?
Biological processes
Ex: Skeletal remains of both microscopic and macroscopic organisms as well as organic matter
Ooze is made up of what percentage of biogenous material?
>30%
If ooze was 27,000 lbs+, then total biogenous material would (in lbs) weigh...OVER NINE THOUSAND!!!!!
Order of abundance of genetic classifications of sediment:
(Highest -> Lowest)
Terrigenous
Biogenous
Hydrogenous
Cosmogenous
What is the most common type of hydrogenous sediment?
Manganese nodules
What is the diameter range of size class Boulder?
> 256 mm
Coarsest of the 7 Grain Size Classifications
Q: What is the diameter range of size class Cobble?
A: 64-256mm
H: Smaller than Boulder, Larger than Pebble
Q: What is the diameter range of size class Pebble?
A: 4-64mm
H: Smaller than Cobble, Larger than Granule
Q: What is the diameter range of size class Granule?
A: 2-4mm
H: Smaller than Pebble, Larger than Sand
Q: What is the diameter range of size class Sand?
A: 1/16 – 2 mm
H: Smaller than Granule, Larger than Silt
Q: What is the diameter range of size class Silt?
A: 1/256 – 1/16 mm
H: Smaller than Sand, Larger than Clay
Q: What is the diameter range of size class Clay?
A: 1/4096 – 1/256 mm
H: Finest of the 7 Grain Size Classifications
Q: What does the grain size of a sediment indicate about the environment where the grains were transported & deposited?
A: Gives an indication of the energy of the environment
H: How much ___ would it take to transport a Boulder vs. Sand
Q: How is the sediment size class Clay different from the mineral clay?
A: The mineral is terrigenous though their individual particle sizes DO match up to the sediment size class in question. :p
H: My president is black, my mineral is clay-(doo) and I’ll be g-d*mned if its size ain’t too!
Q: Of the calcareous ooze, what is an example of the phytoplankton and the zooplankton?
A: P- Coccolithospores, Fine grained chalk
Z – Foraminifera, Chambered tests (skeletons of plankton)
P - Disks stacked on each other to form a sphere
Z - A spherical shell with spikes
Q: Of the siliceous ooze, what is an example of the phytoplankton and the zooplankton?
A: P- Diatoms, Diatomite
Z – Radiolarians, Opal
P - Fat CD's with layered dots
Z - One of those prickly things trees drop
Q: The CCD is the depth below which what happens & why?
A: Carbonate stops accumulating as water gets colder since colder water dissolves more carbonate
H: Colder water has the ability to do what to carbonate?
Q: The CCD stands for?
A: Calcite Compensation Depth
Q: The depth of the CCD is controlled by what 4 factors?
A: 1 – Temperature
2 – Pressure
3 – Local Chemistry
4 – Biological Productivity
Q: In what regions can siliceous ooze be found preserved & buried?
A: In regions UNDER the CCD of high productivity
Q: What factor makes siliceous ooze difficult to accumulate?
A: Seawater; it dissolves it easily
Q: In regions of low productivity, what can be found above the calcareous ooze?
A: Abyssal clay (fine grained, accumulates slowly, below the CCD & away from diluting sediment types)
Q: HCl + CaCO3 -> ?
A: CO2, via bubbling
H: Does chalk bubble or not?
Q: HCl + SiO2 -> ?
A: NOT CO2 (aka no bubbling)
H: Does diatomite bubble or not?