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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Q: How capable are zooplankton in regards to movement?
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A: Capable but still controlled by surrounding currents
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Q: What are 3 features of foraminifera?
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A: Heterotrophic, single-celled organisms
- Possess calcite shells & spines - Use pseudopodia to capture prey including bacteria, phytoplankton & other small zooplankton |
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Q: What are 4 features about radiolaria?
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A: Heterotrophic, single-called organisms
- SiO2 shells - Branched pseudopodia for food capture including zoo, diatoms, detritus - Sometimes carry symbiotes (dinoflagellates) |
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Q: What are 2 features about ostracods?
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A: 2mm in size with 2 clam-like shells
- Some are bioluminescent & they consume plankton |
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Q: What are 3 features of copepods?
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A: Crustacean sizing btwn 0.5-25mm
- Key food for many plankton and nekton - Uses voracious filter for feeding (Makes vorticies around its body in order to direct food particles to mouth; also used for motion [propulsion]) |
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Q: The caudal (rear) fun provides the most _____, while the paired pelvic and pectoral (chest) fins are used for _____. The dorsal (back) and anal fins serve primarily as _____.
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A: Thrust (to propel at high speeds); manuevering; stabilizers
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H: Rounded caudal fins can manuever at slow speeds flexibly; Rigid lunate fins are useless for manuevering but deliever very efficient propulsion; Heterocercal fins are asymmetrical and only produces significant lift with most of mass/SA in upper lobe of fish)
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Q: Fish can be categorized into what 2 things in terms of hunting strategies?
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A: Lungers (sit, wait, and lunge at passer-by; have mostly white tissue) and Cruisers (actively seek prey; have mostly red tissue but some white for quick acceleration)
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H: White tissue fatigues faster than red tissue
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Q: What are 4 features about diurnal migrating plankton?
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A: Upward vertical migration by night & downward vertical migration by day
- Occurs in at least some of every species of zooplankton - Done to reduce visual predation - Can conserve energy in colder waters when not feeding |
H: In a given day, there is one high tide and one low tide = diurnal
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Q: Plankton are found in?
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A: Patches
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Q: What occurs during polar season vertical migration for copepods & krill?
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A: They feed during the spring & summer and then dive to 500-2000m during winter & perform diapause
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Q: What occurs during diapause for krill & copepods?
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A: Slow metabolism, no feeding, lay eggs that slowly float upwards
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Honestly, not much :p
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Q: Poikilothermic?
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A: Cold-blooded
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Q: Homeothermic?
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A: Warm-blooded
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Q: Bioluminesce is caused by light-producing cells called?
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A: Photophores
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H: Helpful for attracting prey, marking territory, seeking a mate, escaping predators (blind them)
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Q: What are 5 common mammalian characteristics?
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A: Warm-blooded
- Breathe Air - Have hair/fur in at least SOME stage of development - Bear live young - Females have mammary glands that secrete milk to feed young |
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Q: When was the rise of oxygen?
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A: 2,500 billion ~ 400 million years ago; atmosphere contains <1% ~ 20% O2
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Q: What are 5 features about cephalopds?
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A: Invertebraes
- Most complex and intelligent molluscs - Have three hearts (blue oxygenated blood); copper based - Jet propulsion by forcing water through siphons as well as (some) having tentacles/fins - Advanced nervous system & keen eyesight |
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Q: What are 5 features of sharks/rays?
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A: At least 390 Mya
- Skeleton of cartilage (SH) - Rough, sandpaper-like skin though less drag than truly smooth fish - Largest fish - No gas bladders |
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Q: What are 4 features of bony fish?
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A: Most diverse of all vertebrae groups
- 90 million tons removed by humans per year - Keep buoyancy through many different ways (usually gas-filled swim bladders though hindrance to fast swimmers & bottom dwellers) - Have gills that have oxygen-rich seawater diffusively exchange w/ oxygen-poor blood |
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Q: What are 3 methods bony fish use to keep buoyancy?
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A: Gas-filled sacs called gas bladders
- Swallow air at surface, release it at depth - Have gas gland that makes gas from blood |
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Q: Name a prime example of an animal in Order Carnivora.
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A: Sea otter, polar bear, walrus; prominent canine teeth, pinnipeds (skin-covered flipper for propulsion), seals
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Q: Name a prime example of an animal in Order Sirenia.
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A: Manatees, dugongs; paddlelike tails, rounded front flippers, herbivores
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Q: Name a prime example of an animal in Order Cetacea.
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A: Whales, dolphins, porpoises; blowholes, elongated skull, horizontal tail fin called a fluke for propulsion by vertical movements and deep diving
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Q: What is specialized about Cetaceans’ skin?
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A: Streamlined body; Soft outer layer (80% water) compresses when pressure is high & expands when pressure is low to reduce turbulence & drag
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Q: How efficient is a Cetacean at breathing?
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A: Can extract as much as 90% of oxygen in a single breath than 4 ~ 20% in terrestrial mammals; twice as many red blood cells & 9x myoglobin such that they can store large amounts of oxygen chemically in hemoglobin within the red blood cells & in myoglobin in muscles
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Q: What is nitrogen narcosis?
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A: Diver sickness caused by too much nitrogen in blood, reducing flow of oxygen to tissues because of increasing pressure w/ increasing depth.
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De-oxygenated tissue
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Q: What is decompression sickness?
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A: During rapid ascent, lungs cannot remove excess gases from bloodstream fast enough & reduced pressure causes small bubbles of nitrogen in the bloodstream that interfere internally
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Internal bubbles
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Q: Cetaceans have what 2 subdivisions?
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A: Odontoceti (toothed whales using echolocation to navigate & locate prey; get size, shape, internal structure & distance of objects with sound)
Mysticeti (baleen whales that separate their small prey from seawater using baleen plates as a strainer) – Gray, rorqual (humpbacks) & right whales |
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Q: Where do gray whales migrate for breeding & birthing purposes?
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A: From cold-water summer feeding grounds in Arctic to warm, low-latitude lagoons in Mexico during winter
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