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33 Cards in this Set

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Q: Main source of nutrients in the oceans came from?
A: The continents
Q: Because of where the main source of nutrients in the oceans is, where would logically be the most productive area of the sea?
A: Coastal waters; deeper parts are essentially the “deserts of the ocean”
Q: Analysis of what well-known marine organism helps deduce the productivity of an area?
A: Plankton
Q: A tool used for measuring water transparency to calculate depth of light penetration is?
A: Secchi disk
H: Think of the large Dennou Coil guys with the smiley face
Q: What are eutrophic zones and oligotrophic zones?
A: Eutrophic – High Productivity; Oligotrophic – Low Productivity; Based on chlorophyll concentration
H: Areas of upwelling + shallow coastal waters vs. open oceans
Q: What are 2 factors that influence ocean color?
A: The amt of turbidity from runoff & the amt of photosyntheic pigment; Water & atmosphere scatter blue light FYI.
Q: Usual maximum depth at which algae live?
A: 100m (for photosyntheic reasons)
Q: What are the source of food for more than 99% of marine animals?
A: Microscopic algae; majority are phytoplankton so live in upper surface waters & on shallow ocean floor
Q: Golden algae include what 2 phytoplankton we’ve covered a lot?
A: Diatoms, Coccolithophores
H: Covered A LOT…especially in LAB
Q: What occurs during red tides?
A: Large abundance of dinoflagellates appear
H: Also known as harmful algal blooms (HABs)
Q: How does material from the euphotic zone reach the ocean floor?
A: It is “biologically pumped”.
Q: How is productivity limited in the polar regions vs. in the low-latitude regions?
A: In polar regions, sunlight is limited; in low-latitude regions, nutrients are limited
H: Remember 2 impt factors: availability of sunlight & nutrients…
Q: Of the 4 seasons, which would provide a “bloom” of phytoplankton in eurythermal midlatitude regions?
A: Spring (more productive) & Fall as other 2 seasons produce an extreme of one factor & a lack of another
Q: Decomposers break down organic compunds made of what for their energy requirements?
A: Detritus (dead and decaying remains and waste products of organisms)
Q: The flow of energy in marine ecosystems involves what 3 divisions of a biotic community?
A: Producers, Consumers, Decomposers
Q: The flow of nutrients in marine ecosystems depends on?
A: Biogeochemical cycles;
Chem->Bio = photosynthesis & chemosynthesis followed by the food web;
Bio->Geo = death of organisms & decomposition;
Geo->Chem = upwelling brings nutrients to the surface for algae & plants
H: Involves biological, geological (Earth), and chemical processes
Q: What are 5 feeding strategies of benthic hetetrotrophs?
A: Suspension Feeders (Use appendages to strain particulate food matter from water)
Filter Feeders (Draw water into itself, pick out food matter, expel the water)
Deposit Feeders (Burrow into sediment & remove food particles from it)
Active Herbivores (Eat primary producers; grazing)
Active Carnivores (Seek out animal prey)
Q: Levels of the food web are known as?
A: Trophic levels
H: Nourishment levels…
Q: The ratio (at any trophic level) of energy passed on to the next higher trophic level divided by the energy received from the trophic level below is…?
A: Gross ecological efficiency; Range between 6% and 15% with many variables including age
H: Why only 10% of food mass consumed by herbivores is available for consumption by carnivores
Q: What percentage of radiant energy is actually used by phytoplankton?
A: 2%; other 98% is lost
Q: What is the biomass pyramid and how does it differ from the food web?
A: The number of individuals and total biomass decrease at successive trophic levels though the organisms do increase in size at successive trophic levels
Q: What are the 3 types of symbiosis (2+ organisms associating in a way that benefits at least ONE of them) ?
A: Commensalism (Organism benefits without harming the host, which in turn affords protection or transportation)
Mutualism (Both participants benefit)
Parasitism (One organism benefits at the expense of the other; usually not mortally as if one dies, so does the other)
Q: What is the standing stock of a population?
A: The mass present in an ecosystem at a given time
- Class standing at attention: How many are there?
Q: What is overfishing?
A: Harvesting of fish stocks takes place so rapidly that the majority of the population is sexually immature & is unable to reproduce
Q: The world marine fishery is drawn from what 5 ecosystems?
A: Nontropical shelves, tropical shelves, upwellings, coastal and coral systems, and open ocean
H: High productivity zones contribute the most to fisheries i.e shallow shelf & coastal waters
Q: What is a fishery’s maximum sustainable yield (MSY)?
A: Maximum amt of fishery biomass that can be removed yearly and still be self-sustained by the ecosystem
Q: What is incidental catch (bycatch)?
A: Any marine organisms that are caught incidentally by fishers seeking commercial species;
Usually account for ¼ of total marine fish catch; caught organisms usually die before being released
Q: What is the Marine Mammals Protection Act?
l
A: Protects dolphins that were used & captured in old methods to locate tuna; driftnets are also illegal
Q: Even with the management of fisheries, many fish stocks worldwide continue to decline. T/F?
A: True
Q: What are 5 features of diatoms?
A: Most abundant single plankton group
- Extremely efficient photosynthetic conversion of sunlight to chemical energy
- Typically found in areas of high sunlight
- Cannot swim; use 3 ways to stay near surface
- Some species release domoic acid (toxic for mammals!)
Q: What are the 3 ways diatoms stay near the surface?
A: 1 – Form chains of diatom that increase drag
2 – Control their density by storing/producing low density oils
3 – Surface current turbulence
Q: What are 5 features of dinoflagellates?
A: 2nd most abundant plankton group
- Exist singly with cellulose walls
- Possess 2 flagella (one for movement, other for translation) & a girdle
- Have variety of feeding strats, including mixotrophs (photosynthesize & eat other plankton)
- Can produce a range of chemicals (usually harmful)
Q: What are 4 features of coccolithophores?
A: Leading calcite producers in the oceans
- External shell of around 30 calcareous coccoliths (5-30 microns in diameter)
- Thrive in warmer waters & low light conditions
- Too small to be caught by plankton nets